Stylistic arangements of experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Stylistic arangements of experience - Essay Example As the plot progresses the reader experiences a sort of tension and a feeling of horror because of the peculiar narrative style of the writer. Unlike the science fiction works of his contemporaries, Lovecraft narrates the experiences of his characters with a staunch sense of realism, both physical and psychological. The reader is made to feel the freezing coldness of the Antarctic region in his/her veins. In the same way, the famous painting ‘Isle of the Dead’ by Swiss artist Arnold Bocklin has evoked similar responses in the viewer that Mark Robson drew the inspiration for his film from this artistic work. Style is a distinctive manner or technique by which something is done, created, or performed. The style and technique by which Lovecraft, Arnold Bocklin, and Mark Robson produced their respective novella, painting, and film exemplify their unique manner and craftsmanship which paved new ways for creativity. The novel is considered as the most ubiquitous of all forms o f literature. Robert Silverberg states, â€Å"The novella is one of the richest and most rewarding of literary forms...it allows for more extended development of theme and character than does the short story, without making the elaborate structural demands of the full-length book. Thus it provides an intense, detailed exploration of its subject, providing to some degree both the concentrated focus of the short story and the broad scope of the novel.† (Robert Silverberg 2000). â€Å"At the Mountains of Madness† is a novella of terror based on geological expedition to unearth an unprecedented amount of scientific material; especially in the pre-Cambrian strata. The exploration is aimed at unraveling the primal life history in the realms of ice covered Antarctic continent. The expedition from Miskatonic University through the barren, wind-swept interior of the Antarctic plateau remains lifeless. On the contrary, they encounter strange fossils of unheard creatures, carved stones, and

A Reflection on Personal Life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A Reflection on Personal Life - Essay Example In 1999, when I was 6, I went to the village of my grandparents in Sacramento with my whole family. We went there for the Christmas celebrations and especially to see my parents’ old house in Sacramento. My parents fell in love in their early age living in the same village. The memories of visiting the village are very beautiful and touching. Our cousins and other relatives were very happy to see us during the Christmas holidays, as we never celebrated the event with them previously. I liked the social gathering system there to welcoming the guests very warmly. Maybe, as a child I enjoyed it by playing with children and receiving gifts from Santa and my elder sister could not feel the charms of childhood as I did. After coming back to home, I missed the company of my relatives and the village life; those were very energetic and delightful for me. I got admission in a new school when I was 12 years old. In the growing age, I found my teeth were little crooked. Before joining th e new school, I did not feel it as a fault for my body image, but some bully student of the school exposed it in a harsh manner. I was so depressed on the first day of this realization. I stopped to smile openly by hiding the bad image of my teeth. Mostly, I prayed to have beautiful teeth in the Church. I was a sensitive child and did not like to share my sad feelings with my parents. However, after a few stressful months, I accepted the reality of my teeth but could not mingle with everyone to avoiding any taunting behaviour.

Iran: Healthcare, Education and Culture

Iran: Healthcare, Education and Culture Comparative and international Family Research demonstration project Cultural issues related to families are quite dissimilar in various countries. United States and Islamic republic of Iran exhibit great cultural diversity. Iran in known is known in United States for its for its vast supply of oil. It is a fact beyond obvious perception that Iranian and American Culture are witnessed to be in the midst of a â€Å"culture clash† with perceived difference in values; this has lead to great confrontations and tension. â€Å"Irans glory has always been its culture† (Frye, 2005), Is a quote that portrays the inherent relationship between people and their culture, this as had a immense effect in family setup. The family within the Iranian culture is a very autonomous aspect of their culture, heavily based on male dominance contrary with the Americans were women can live autonomously without a mans authority. Irrespective of this, Iranians as well as Americans equally treasure their exclusive and intricate cultural identity, whether its the Ira nians intrinsic values of Islamic religion, gender roles and family importance or Americas unique marriage taboos depicts the importance of culture alike (COMM 325 Iran, 2007). From both perspectives, we must examine the impact of religion, education, housing and geographical location among others to understand their family structure and cultural issues. Housing and Geographical location Iran is a country in south-west Asia. It is located at the southern shores of Caspian Sea, bordering the republic of Armenia, the Republic of Azerbaijan and the Republic of Turkmenistan to the north, Turkey, Iraq, Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman to the west, and to the east is Pakistan and Afghanistan (Tavassoli, 2002). Its the 18th largest country in the world with an area of 1,648,195km2 having an estimate population of 74 million people. Its a country with diverse landscapes varying from flat lands to deserts and from mountains to plateaus. It holds two mountain chains, the Alborz Mountains to the northand the Zagross to the south-west. This makes Irans land of true beauty and magnificence (Tavassoli, 2002). It further has a massive volcanic peak called Damavand located along the Alborz mountain ranges (Neff, 2006). In additions, its a home to two impassible barrier deserts called ‘Daht e Kavir and ‘Dasht e Lut. With this king of environment, the spatial characteristic o f traditional Iranian houses reflects natural, geographical and cultural needs. One important aspect is adaptation to the harsh climate most notable on the central parts of the country. Houses are constructed of Adobe and brick with unique fabled artistic and deep heritage architecture while in the United States; houses are made of stones and blocks (Harvey, 2005). Education Iranian education system is divided into five cycles namely, pre-school, primary, middle or guidance, secondary and post-secondary education. Elementary education is mandatory under the countrys constitution but due to high number of applicants for post-secondary educations, admission to these institutions is based on a nation-wide examination, giving a opportunity only to the most talented and bright students. All these levels of study enjoy free education, private schools and universities too do exist but allowed by law to charge tuition fees. Demand for post secondary education far much exceeds supply with only 27% of all applicants being admitted. (MCHE, 2009), approximately 50% of the Irans population is under the age of 25; hence quite difficult for the government to provide proper education for all (MCHE, 2009). Students at the two phases of primary and middle/guidance education are required to do a national and regional exam as compulsory for continuation. This does not apply in the United States. The literacy rates stand at 76.9% (UNESCO, 2009). Religions Islam is the religion of up to 98% of Iranians with approximately 90% being the Shia and 8% being Sunni. Other minorities make up 2% of the remaining non- Muslims. In Iran, divine law in the unique source of legitimacy and the unique interpreter of divine law is the spiritual leader. Any interpretations by the spiritual leader are not questionable. Furthermore, religion played a key role in the lifestyle of Iranians. Frey (2004) states that, issues such as polygamy were highly regulated by the Islam custom, where the religion permitted a man to have as many wives as possible. The religious law too supports the sanctifying of the family in diverse ways, defining conditions for divorce, inheritance and guardianship. These have had an impact in the entire family structure and ways of living. Issues of religious freedom are yet to be achieved with non-Muslims being discriminated and harassed. Conversion too from Islam is punishable to death. This is quite contrary to the United States we re there is freedom of worship and change of religion. Atheists have their own rights too, and peoples lifestyle seems not to be influence much by religion (Frey, 2004). Socio-cultural beliefs and values Before revolution, the Iranian society practiced segregation of sexes. Men dominated the family and subjected women to hardship in the name of culture. Mostafavi, Mehryar and Agha (2006), argued that â€Å"mens beliefs family planning is the responsibility of women has reduced their likelihood of their participation in family planning activities† (Mostafavi, Mehryar Agha, 2006, p.78). This means that men could not be keen at all on such issues of family planning at the expense of their wives. This is quite similar with the American culture in the fifties where, women where being taught to be housewives failure to which they were being despised.FRD (2004) further re-affirmed that, â€Å"Women generally practiced use of chador (or veil) when in public or when males not related to them were in the house. In traditional view, an ideal society was one in which women were confined to the home, where they performed the various domestic tasks associated with managing a household and rearing children. Men worked in public sphere, that is, in the fields, factories, bazaars and offices. Deviation from this ideal, especially in the case of women, tended to reflect adversely upon the reputation of the family† (p.147) An individual with no family ties has little importance and status in the larger society. Only if a person does something disgusting to Islam can such ties be detached. Even though the culture is strict in the roles of women, westernization has eroded some of these old values. Among these ideas are; women being involved in the public world such as education and labor force (FRD, 2004). In addition, the word ‘household had a quite different connotation than it is for the American culture. While for the Americans it refers to the actual structure were the family unit resides, the Iranian culture describes it has the cooperation and relationship between man and the woman (COMM 325, 2007). The family is quite autonomous heavily based on male supremacy. Even if the oldest member is the grandfather, father or son, they have the right to be in charge of the household. Polygamy is also practiced highly and enshrined in the Islamic law. This too is quite different with the United States where polygamy is hardly practiced. Another complex cultural practiced which is highly termed as a taboo in the United States is marriages within the family context and the process of choosing marriage partner. Reliance on family members to choose a spouse for one of their own for marriage is still quite prevalent in Iran (COMM 325, 2007). Marrying a close relative is termed incest in the United States and is heavily prohibited. As much these two cultures are geographically far away, and with such sharp difference in culture, they too have some relationship in common, just like Iranians, Americans still value the importance of the family set up. This is much portrayed by the politicians where they are highly influenced by the wider family in their quest for political ambitions in the United States. The perception of women in both cultures is still eminent. Although w omen enjoy freedom and little influence from men, there still exist notable hierarchal differences with male dominance on the top in almost all aspect. For example, men generally are still paid more and reside in plush places than women (COMM 325, 2007). Sociopolitical systems and structures The political system in Iran is quite peculiar; this is much attributed by the fact that the state is an institution of divine will, where the divine law is the unique source of legitimacy and political authority. The depository and unique interpreter of divine law is the spiritual leader whose religious jurisprudence is given to be in charge of all aspects of political society. The spiritual leader exercises his control over the judiciary, the army, the police, the radio and also over the president and parliament; institutions elected by the people (Fidh, 2003). This clearly depicts the Islamic ideology in the political framework of Iran, hence a theocratic republic. This is quite different from the American system were the religion is autonomous and has no direct link with the federal political system of governance (Iran Year Book, 1996). Iran has three branches of government with the executive being headed by the supreme leader as the head of s tat e and present as t he head of government and council ministers whereas in the United states executive consists of the president who is both the head of state and government and delegates. Both countries share four year term of re-electing leaders with most of the top organ leaders holding electoral offices (UNESCO, 2009). Economics Iran is the second largest oil producer among OPEC member countries and it is the leading export commodity in the country. Agricultural products too such as wheat, rice etc contributes 10.4% of the GDP. The GDP stands at $852.6 billion and growth rate stands at 6.2% contrary to that of the United States GDP of$ 14.441 trillion and growth rate of 0.4% in 2008. The per capita income lies at $12,300 with an unemployment rate of 12.1%. Total exports amounted to $76.5 billion in 2008, 80% being from petroleum (UNESCO, 2009).These figures are quite insignificant compared with $1.283 trillion worth of export from the United States with a per capita income of $47,422 in 2008. The urban status has enjoyed lots of economic mobility due many opportunities emerging from government bureaucracies and revolutionary organization compared to the rural dwellers. Imports stood at $61.3 billion much being of industrial raw materials and military supplies (US Department of State, 2008). Access and utilization of health care The largest healthcare system is run and managed by the Ministry of health and Medical Education. It is charged responsibility to regulate and oversee healthcare system. However, access and availability of health care is limited particularly in provinces where figures indicate lower prevalence of diseases compared with nationwide figures. The government has also established low cost clinics to care for the law income. Able people mostly in the large cities of Tehran and Isfahan use private hospitals which charge heavy bills. This has boosted the Life expectancy of Iranian which stood at 70.8 years in 2008 with every citizen entitled to basic health care offered at subsidized rates by the government. In the United States, healthcare system lies on the private hands with a view government hospitals (UNESCO, 2009). Food, dietary habits and body image Several Iranian dishes originated from the Greeks, Arabs, Turks and Russians. This happened in the midst of human civilization through invasions. Their stable meal mainly comprises of larger amount of grains especially rice, fruits and vegetables with small amounts of read meat. A typical Iranian meal is often a heaping plate of rice spiced with greens (Spencer, 1997). About 6% of population of Iran is undernourished according to World Bank. This means they do not receive adequate nutrition. Of children too under the age of five, 16% are underweight and about 19% are stunted. This explains the nutrient deficiency in their diet. Stable food for Unites States is wheat and wheat product but their diet is much blended coffee, tea, fruit juices and cereals. They are quite accessible to balanced diets with low cases of nutrient deficiency (Spencer, 1997). Technology and mass media Iran still has limited media freedom in dissemination of information with the government being in control. The administration too is yet to allow the internet to be a public forum with government involvement in filtering the internet. Several cases of harassment and closure of internet cafes in Tehran with g rounds of no permits and promoting immorality but it became apparent that the closure was due to Iranians use internet to make low cost international calls making the ministry of Post Telegraph and Telephone lose significant revenues (Washington post, 29th September 2006). With such frustrations, Iranians remain tangled with their culture with limited use of technology equipments in their households. A big contradiction exists with the United States where internet access is accessible by majority of the population without filtration by the government (Spencer, 1997). Conclusion Cultural issues related to families in Iran, is much affected by their religion. Through such studies of their cultural differences, it has helped to better understand one another and fully appreciate what we share in common and make sense of our perceived differences. This kind of understanding, help clear perceptions of hostilities and appreciate our fascinating cultures. Lamb to the Slaughter by Roald Dahl: Analysis Lamb to the Slaughter by Roald Dahl: Analysis Lamb to the Slaughter is a wound, holding story of Mary Maloney, who kills her own particular spouse by hitting him with a solidified leg of lamb and after that concealing her wrongdoing and discarding the proof by encouraging the lamb to the policemen who come to examine the murder. This sharp story is created down to the littlest detail; each word and expression suggests something, frequently has a moment significance thus controls the perusers feeling. The component that makes this story significantly all the more intriguing, is that it is composed from the killers perspective, while the conclusion of the creator is still obvious. Roald Dahl adequately built up the hero both specifically and in a roundabout way; however the utilization the suspense is more overwhelming in light of the fact that it uncovers and clarifies Mary Malloneys activities. Roald Dahl utilizes the long, short sentences and dynamic wording to make strain,anticipation and suspense with a wide range of systems. Roald Dahl effectively used long sentences to make a rundown of dreadful or stressing points of interest, which makes a mind-boggling, claustrophobic or serious feeling. Mary Maloney is the primary character of the story, a character that Dahl goes to considerable lengths to build up deliberately toward the start of this breathtaking short story. Mary is obviously a committed spouse to her significant other, Patrick. Dahl sets aside opportunity to clarify her care for Patrick. What this representation plainly does not set us up for is the situational irony that comes when Mary slaughters her Patrick. At that point, Mary Maloney simply walked up behind him and without any pause, swung the big frozen leg of lamb high in the air and brought it down as hard as she could. Mary has a sudden change of temper and feeling. We see her go from an enthusiastic, mindful and delicate lady to this imprudent, frightening and vindictive character. The suspense gradually develops when the begin of man y inquiries rises. The violence of the crash, the noise, the small table overturning, helped bring her out of shock. She came out slowly, feeling cold and surprised The descriptive language and the long sentence utilized as a part of the content genuinely includes a great deal of anticipation by building up the dreadful climate of the house and the feelings going through Marys mind leaving us holding our breaths and imploring that the house does not turn into a crime scene. She carried the meat into the kitchen, placed it on the pan, turned the oven on high, and shoved it inside. In this quote we are likewise given a great measure of detail in this long sentence to put accentuation and help foretell what will later on occur in the story; the meat getting eaten. Roald Dahl used long sentences that were utilized to slow a description down and to make a feeling of unwinding or time dragging later on adding to the suspense. Roald Dahl utilizes exact words to help foretell diverse occasions in the story that make suspence. When the clock hit ten minutes to five, she began to listen, and a few moments later, punctually as always. With the use of the word punctual we are in a path put into a condition of suspense where we are not sure anymore if he will come back knowing the frightening title. Close to the beginning of the story,Mary is extremely possessive of her life partner. The feeling however was not circulated to Mary. Hullo Darling Perceiving how Patrick is not demonstrating the affection this shows the condition of anticipation and pressure amongst Mary and Patrick and again helping us foretell what may happen later on .In conclusion, the use of the words imagine and visionized help with the suspenceful part of the story knowing Marys incautious practices. Her first instinct was to not believe any of it, to reject it all. It occured to her that she imagined or visualized Adding on, Roald Dahl used different words to improve the depiction and general state of mind, and help create the suspense and foreshadowing of the story. Roald Dahl used short sentences give us a dread, since we do not expect them for some time. It gives short sentences a startling quality, which is truly valuable for making suspense. The ending of the story definitely was made to keep the reader at the edge of his chair and to kick with suspense. Mary began to giggle This quote expands on the dramatic conclusion that is assume to leaves in a condition of stun knowing her arrangement and guile payed off. This keeps on building suspense with the impact of not knowing whether the police will genuinely uncover the puzzle of Patricks passing. Through the story we see the change in heart of Mary and her impulsive actions and thoughts taking over her. It made no difference to her. This quote genuinely speaks to how Mary will battle through anything to escape inconvenience. It demonstrates to us how as it were, she is frail for experiencing the greater part of this only because of her significant other leaving The anticipation begins to dev elop when we are not sure if the cops will fall into her trap or not. The lamb turns out to be a significant symbol in the sotry. A leg of lamb. This quote introduces the main symbol of the story which in a way create suspense due to the entitlement of the story. Roald Dahl used short sentences to the create shape isnt common. They stop. Out of the blue. It feels distracted. It is meant to keep the state of tension and suspense. All things considered, it is apparent that suspense and tension are made in the short story The lamb to the slaughter The author utilized long and short sentences and significant words t as a method for making the sought environment, and prevail with regards to accomplishing his point. However there are contrasts in which this making of frightfulness and tension are organized inside these stories. Taking everything into account, the story gives a stunning and anticipation encounter through various strategies and systems.

Comparison of Colonies :: American America History

Comparison of Colonies There were various reasons why the American Colonies were established. The three most important themes of English colonization of America were religion, economics, and government. The most important reasons for colonization were to seek refuge, religious freedom, and economic opportunity. To a lesser degree, the colonists sought to establish a stable and progressive government. Many colonies were founded for religious purposes. While religion was involved with all of the colonies, Massachusetts, New Haven, Maryland, and Pennsylvania were established exclusively for religious purposes. Massachusetts's inhabitants were Puritans who believed in predestination and the ideal that God is perfect. Many Puritans in England were persecuted for their nihilist beliefs in England because they felt that the Church of England, led by the Kind, did not enforce a literal enough interpretation of the Bible. Persecution punishment included jail and even execution. To seek refuge, they separated to go to Holland because of its proximity, lower cost, and safer passage. However, their lives in Holland were much different than that of England. The Separatists did not rebel against but rather preferred the English culture. They did not want their children to be raised Dutch. Also, they felt that Holland was too liberal. Although they enjoyed the freedom of religion, they decided to leave for America. Pilgrims, or sojourners, left for America on The Mayflower and landed in Cape Cod in 1626. They had missed their destination, Jamestown. Although the climate was extremely rocky, they did n ot want to move south because of their Puritan beliefs. They thought that everything was predestined, and that they must have landed on this rocky place for a reason. They moved slightly north to Plymouth Rock in order to survive more comfortably. Also because of their Puritan beliefs, they had good relations with the Native Americans. Their pacifist nature led the Indians to help with their crops. In thanks, the Pilgrims celebrated the first thanksgiving in 1621. A second group of Puritans in England, the Massachusetts Bay Company, came to Massachusetts for more economically motivated purposes due to their non-minimalist beliefs. New Haven and Connecticut were two other colonies founded exclusively for Religious purposes. Many of the Separatists in Massachusetts felt that the religion was too liberal inside of the colony. They felt that the beliefs were not being enforced enough and that the people were not living through literal interpretations of the Bible. These Separatists further separated themselves from Massachusetts and formed a new colony, New Haven.

Prisons As Industry Essay

What is the most profitable industry in America? Weapons, oil and computer technology all offer high rates of return, but there is probably no sector of the economy as abloom with money as the privately run prison industry. Prison industry in recent years has become a high-profit business and it competes with industries such as the oil and gas industry. The aim of this paper therefore is to examine the industry as a whole. In examining the industry therefore, there shall be a cursory analysis of some salient point vis-à  -vis the prison industry.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A very important fact is that the prison industry came about because of the congestion in the various government-owned prisons in throughout the country. The demand for prisons seems to be ever increasing and the public prisons scattered all around the country are incapable of providing adequately for this. Nearly every prison in America is overcrowded and will continue to be so if new prisons do not spring up. So therefore, the aim of the prison industry is to make provisions for more space to keep dissidents at a lower cost than federal prisons can.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In other words, privately owned prisons are unique because demand for prisons is high, while supply of prisons is low.   That is what makes this industry so appealing. Thus, privately owned prisons are good substitutes for federally run services. Therefore, this brings us to the issue of prison privatization. This involves the transfer of running state-owned prisons to private industries to manage. Thus, by using the private sector to build or manage prisons, many states believe that they can reduce costs. Privatization of prisons can take various forms. This includes: Contracting out services: This is the most common form of prison privatization. Currently, 39 states in the US hire private firms to provide such services as medical and mental health treatment, drug treatment, education, staff training, and vocational training and counseling. Contracting out prison labor This also is another means of privatizing prisons. By putting prisoners to work and paying inmates competitive wages, many private companies are reducing prison costs for the government by withholding earnings for taxes, room and board, family support, and victim’s compensation. Such employment also gives prisoners the skills and work experience that will prepare them for the job market when they are released from prison. Construction and lease/purchasing Many states see private construction as a promising solution to the prison over crowding crisis. States normally finance construction by cash appropriations (a â€Å"pay-as-you-go† approach) or by issuing general obligation bonds The points above are some of the ways by which prisons by various states in the US. In another vein, privatization of prisons can also occur at the federal level. For instance, the Federal Government of the United States recently proposed contracting with a private firm for a new 500 bed minimum-secure facility for illegal aliens. In addition, the Bureau has considered contracting for facilities to house â€Å"special needs† prisoners, such as juveniles, women, protective custody cases, and for prisoners needing medical services. However, the federal government is wary in contracting out the more â€Å"mainstream† prisoners such as those imprisoned in the Federal Correctional Institutions and the U.S. Penitentiary System. Nevertheless, the prison industry has raises certain questions. These questions must be answered before a deeper understanding and full grasp of the objectives of the industry can be achieved. The first question is that has the federal government abrogated its responsibility by privatizing prisons. In other words, Should the private sector be responsible for a function traditionally performed by the government sector? Evidence has shown that that prison privatization does not mean that the government relinquishes its responsibility. The government still would select the inmates to be placed in private prisons, choose the type of facility to be contracted out, oversee the contractor’s disciplinary practices and, most important, evaluate the contractor’s performance. Furthermore, another good question to be asked is whether service quality and flexibility is maintained or not? This is because some policy makers maintain that the quality of management in private prisons will tend to be high at first, because of competition and the desire to win contracts. However, they question the private sector’s ability to sustain high-quality standards. This is not true of the prison industry because contracting standards are likely to improve over time as more firms enter the market and competition increases. Periodic bidding creates incentives for firms to improve constantly the quality and cost-efficiency of their performance. These above questions, among others, are some of the questions to ask in order to have an enlightened grasp of the prison industry. Now, it is of necessity to look at the history of prison industry. Historically, prison population started to grow in the United States in the 70s. Statistically, one out of every hundred adults is now imprisoned. In order to curtail the unwanted rise in the number of inmates, larger sentences are being imposed on to act as deterrent and other policies, which are known as the ‘broken window’. They have introduced the ’three strike’ policy which means that if you are convicted of any 3 offences you will receive life which is a very good deterrent. The state of Virginia applies this always, and has managed to slow the growth of the population (Bratton 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, the government has tried to seek alternative modes of punishing offenders instead of retaining them in the prison yards. Undauntedly however, the rate of offenders soars. This has gone a long way in boosting the prison industry. The industry is now much bigger than ever before worth around 40 billion dollars a year. Due to the overcrowding in state prisons and federal prisons, which are on average 34% over designed capacity according to the BJS report, the prison industry has to rely on private prisons. Many states enjoy the companies taking on the task of building the prisons and covering the costs and just charging the state per inmate, as the state tends to be a lot more lenient to a convicted felon in order to save money. So therefore, prison industry continues to soar high. Investors are now having good times because of their net profits from prison business. For example, the leading company in prison business, Corrections Corporation of America, has made a tremendous success in the business. The revenue of this company rose by 81% in 1995 alone. Again, Investors in Wackenhut Corrections Corporation, another leading prison industry,   have enjoyed an average return of 18 percent during the past five years and the company is rated by Forbes as one of the top 200 small businesses in the country as of today. The list goes on an on. Ten years ago, there were just five privately run prisons in the country, housing a population of 2.000. Nearly, a score of private firms run more than 100 prisons with about 62,000 beds today. That’s still less than five percent of the total market, but the industry is expanding fast, with the number of private prison beds expected to grow to 360,000 during the next decade. This could be said to be the reason why a recent headline in USA Today which says that; â€Å"Everybody’s Doin the Jailhouse Stock† In view of this, the prison industry is now a lucrative business. In fact, almost 30 states in the US have 28 states have passed legislation making it legal for private contractors to run correctional facilities and many more states are expected to follow suit. God knows maybe one day, the prison industry will take over as the most lucrative and cost-effective business. To summarize it all, there are many reasons why America has incarcerated more of its population than any other country including China, which has a much greater population. The main reason is still the fact that the prison industry is being portrayed as a business and companies are making money from crime. Therefore, toughening of laws by both the federal and state governments does not help matter. Therefore, one can safely conclude that prison industry has come to stay. What is to be done now is for the government to tighten laws on the establishment of privately owned correction centers across the States. This would go a long way in ensuring that the privately owned prisons function effectively as their public counterparts.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   REFERENCES Tonry M., 2004. Prisons and Imprisonment, International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Pages 12062-1206. Walker, S., Spohn, C., Dolone, M., 2004. The Color of Justice, Race Ethnicity, and Crime in America, 3rd Ed, Wadsworth Publishing. Scalia, J., August 2001. Federal Drug Offenders, 1999 with trends 1984-99, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, U.S. Department of justice. Samaha, j., 2001. Criminal justice, 5th ed. Wadsworth publishing. Renshaw, B., December 1982. Prisoners 1925-1981, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, U.S. Department of justice. Harrison, P., November 2004. Prisoners 2003, Bureau of Justice Statistics Special Report, U.S. Department of justice.

Bulgaria Economy Essay

Alongside the north coast of Black Sea, the Bulgarian state was first founded in 635 A. D with the Slav and Bulgar peoples. Between the year 893 and 927 the first Bulgarian Kingdom was established which is known as the â€Å"Golden Age† in the history of Bulgaria. In the early 20th century social and political disorders blemished Bulgaria and forced the country to participate in the First Balkan War in 1912 and then in the Second Balkan War in 1913. Bulgaria also took a part in the World Wars first by associated with the Central Powers and then with the Axis Powers. In the beginning of the Second World War, the country united with the Germany, but towards the end of the war it changed its position for fighting with the German troops that resulted in the killing of 30,000 Bulgarian soldiers. Communism came forward and materialized dominantly in the political environment of the country in 1944 when the Soviet soldiers entered into the territory of Bulgaria and the Axis power crushed in the Second World War. Gradually the country turned as the protectorate of the Soviet Union during the era of Cold War. With dethrone of Todor Zhivkov, thethen head of the Communist Party of Bulgaria, democratic change took place in the country. In 1991 the first egalitarian parliamentary elections occurred in Bulgaria. In 1992 the country experienced its first ever direct presidential elections. Bulgaria, which comes out through the agonizing struggle and trouble of communism, faced various social disorder and economic turmoil that ultimately ended with the huge economic and financial crisis in the period of the late 1996 and the early 1997. However, the economy of Bulgaria came back to the stabilizing path with a series of reforming initiatives taken by Ivan Kostov, the former prime minister of the country. (Background Note: Bulgaria, November 27, 2009). Overtime, Bulgaria has gradually emerged as a market-driven economy from an old command economy. In 1996, the country experienced major economic crises in the form of banking system disorder, depreciation of currency, reduction of production as well as foreign trade. Dwindling foreign exchange reserves and significant increase in rates of interest further aggravated both the burden of domestic debt and growth of the country. Within a period of one year gross domestic product dropped by almost 11% in 1996 while it experienced a 2% increase in 1995. In the late 1996 privatization model was accepted, but the privatization of the public sector industries declined. During this period the IMF disbursed almost $580 loan to Bulgaria. But the country failed to augment its structural reform process. This lack of progress of Bulgaria insisted the IMF to postpone the loan sanctioned to the country. For avoiding needless spending and huge inflationary pressure, the IMF proposed to form a currency board to renovate the confidence of the country. In this case Mr. Ivan Kostov (UDF), the former Prime Minister of Bulgaria, who got the crown in 1997, played the leading role to launch the ambitious reform programs. With such initiatives the currency board was set up on July 1, 1997 to bring back the stability and growth in the economy of Bulgaria. The outcome of the formation of the currency board was seen by the fall in inflation rate. While the rate of inflation was a three digit number in 1997, it was slashed to 1% in 1998. A decrease in the inflation rate, a decrease in interest rate and an increase in the foreign investment were followed by the formation of the currency board. The government of Bulgaria also assured to sell off some of the assets of the country. Though the country faced a 7. 4% drop in its GDP in 1997, it expected the GDP to bounce back in 1998 to an estimated level of 2%. The government of Bulgaria also took some other initiatives like achieving the success of land reform policy, the process of privatization and the reform of the banking system, etc. as its other prime objectives. The government of Bulgaria has taken the steps to provide a strong and sustainable growth in the GDP of the country by learning the lessons from the fall of GDP in the years 1996 and 1997. For reducing the level of unemployment and sustaining the growth of production of the economy, Bulgaria has taken all the required steps from time to time. The governments have taken the necessary measurements to reduce the level of both the individual and the corporate taxes, curb the corruption and draw the flow of foreign investment into the country. The government of Bulgaria has also taken the steps to restructure the foreign debt policy of the country, restore and stimulate the stock market and aggravate the process of privatization of the some of the major state monopolies. All such steps of the country have led the European Commission to declare that Bulgaria is â€Å"Functioning Market Economy† in October 2002 as its main economic policy. (Background Note: Bulgaria, November 27, 2009). All the successive governments have maintained such reform and ultimately Bulgaria has taken the membership of the European Union in 2007. A World Bank report suggests that Bulgaria has been able to draw the maximum levels of flow of foreign direct investment among all the nations of Eastern Europe as a percentage of GDP in 2006. The government of Bulgaria has brought down the rate of corporate tax to 10% in 2007 to magnetize the additional flow of foreign capital in the country. Such a corporate tax rate has been reported as the lowest rate in the whole Europe. The cost of domestic labor has also dropped through the legislation of the flat personal income tax level of 10% in January 1, 2008. To enhance the stability in local economic functioning, the Bulgarian parliament has taken the policy of fiscal decentralization for the municipalities so as to provide them the power of collection and supervision of some taxes. Such a step was taken by responding the increasing demand for independence of financial procedures of the local governments of the country. The achievement of the country towards the restructure of its fiscal policies and tax reforms, however, somewhat wiped out by the recent global financial crisis and economic turmoil that started from the middle of 2007. Such a worldwide global dwindling phase has forced the Bulgarian economy to be trapped by the vicious circle of recession at the end of 2008 after experiencing a prolonged 10 years steady growth. The effect has been seen in the mounting household debt and the increased rate of unemployment in the country. In this situation the government has responded by taking an â€Å"anti-crisis† strategy for strengthening fiscal recovery and promoting economic stability. To increase the power over the funds of the European Union, the government has also given its commitment. Such governmental steps are also expected to fight the crime and the corruption in the Bulgarian economy in an organized way. (Economy in Bulgaria, n. d. ). Let us look at some of the basic statistics which are very helpful to assess the present economic structure of the Bulgarian Economy and its overall development. It is a known fact in the history of mankind that the identification of the goals of economic development has not been properly done by human. (Todaro and Stephen, 2009, p 16) The Bulgarian economy has been designated as an economy with an upper and middle income nation by the World Bank. Though in the recent past the country has exhibited a steady trend in its growth, it is one of the least developed nations of Europe. The economy of Bulgaria heavily dependent on the industrial sector, but in recent past the service sector has also contributed to the growth of the country’s GDP. Petroleum, copper, gold, coal, beverages and tobacco, fruits, electronic tools and items, vehicle machineries, nuclear fuel, iron, construction items, sunflowers, wine, barley, etc. , are some of the major products of the country. From 1996 to 2008, over a period of 12 years, the country has able to maintain a growth of 6% and more. The huge inflow of foreign direct investment in the country has helped it to maintain such a significant rate of growth. However, the latest global recession has adversely affected the country on its export sector as well as on its capital inflow. This in turn has affected the growth of the country. The GDP of the country has fall to 5% in 2009. In terms of purchasing power parity, the GDP of Bulgaria has dropped to $90. 54 billion in 2009 from the level of $95. 1 billion of 2008. In terms of absorption of the work force of the country, the agriculture sector contributes 7. 5%, whereas industry contributes 27. 6% and service sector contributes 64. 9%. According to the estimation of 2009, the total work force of the country is 2. 63 million. The share of unemployed population in 2009 stands almost 9. 1% in the total working population. The corrupted system of public administration, feeble judiciary system and the increasing criminal activities has led almost 14. 1% of the population of Bulgaria to live their lives below the poverty line and under a greater hardship. (Bulgaria Economy, n. d. ). The estimated per capita GDP of the country has dropped to $12,600 in 2009 from the level of $13,100 in 2008. The estimated percentage of GDP of the country in agriculture, industry and services sector are 7. 5%, 27. 6% and 64. 9% successively. The estimated level of unemployment of Bulgaria has risen to 9. 1% in 2009 in comparison with 6. 3% in the previous year 2008. Total estimated gross investment in 2009 of the country is 28. 6% of GDP. The estimated amount of public debt has risen to 21. 4% of GDP in 2009 from the level of 14. 1% in 2008. The growth rate of industrial production in 2009 has been estimated as negative and stands at -14% of GDP. The estimated foreign exchange reserve and gold has also dropped to $16. 49 billion on December 31, 2009 from the level of $17. 93 billion on December 31, 2008. In response to the unfavorable effect of the global financial turmoil on the economy of Bulgaria, the government has taken many steps to strengthen the economy. Such governmental initiatives are supported by various statistics. The estimated public debt of Bulgaria has dropped to 21. 4% of GDP in 2009 as compared to the 14. 1% of the year ago. Estimated rate of inflation in terms of consumer prices has also decreased to 2. 7% in 2009 from that of 12. 3% in 2008. The prime lending rate of the central bank of Bulgaria has been increased to 10. 86% in December 31, 2008 from that of 10% in December 31, 2007. The stock of domestic credit has increased to $32. 04 billion in December 31 which was $17. 03 billion in December 31, 2007. (Bulgaria Economy 2010, February 8, 2010). According to the latest available data as published by Nation Master, the external debt of Bulgaria has increased to $3488 million which is a very high amount. In terms of Gini index, which is the measure of degree of inequality in the distribution of family income, the country has been ranked as 103rd out of 133 nations in case of its equal distribution of family income. (Economy, 2010). For analyzing the socio-economic structure and development issues of Bulgaria we should study the basic education system, healthcare system, urbanization process and migration and the strategies of the country to develop the economy in the presence of corruption. The minority communities of Bulgaria are protected by many international instruments according to the 1991 new Bulgarian constitution. Such a constitutional structure has established the superiority of the international law over the national law of Bulgaria. Such international norms and regulations have made the basic principles of the legislation of the country through which the government of Bulgaria is able to control and adjust the common rights of its citizens who vary across the languages of their respective communities, religions and cultures. However, there are many problems in the country associated with the minorities. Such problems are not only related with the cultural or religious variations but also basically with the economic and social values of the citizens. (Karasimeonov, n. d. ). The government of Bulgaria is very concerned to respect its citizen’s human right. In past, there were, however, some problems in many areas. The citizens who were the member of minority population of the country were suspected by the law enactment officials. The prisoners were also mistreated and misbehaved. The degree of arbitrary arrest, police violence and exploitation were very common in the country. The prevalence of corruption and other problems associated with the system led the judicial structure of the nation to suffer greatly. The press was also restricted to freely expose the views. In Bulgaria there were also many barriers on some of the religious groups of the nation. They were strictly deterred to present their cultural and religious outlooks. Communal harassment was very common in the country. Social discrimination between the men and women was very high and the violence against the women was vastly prevalent in the society. The increasing problem of child labor in the country have also setback the economy of Bulgaria. Throughout the ruling of all the political organizations in Bulgaria, corruption and crime has remained the basic concerning factors of all the governments. To fight against the corruption and to increase the awareness of its citizens, the government of Bulgaria has formed the inter-ministerial anticorruption commission in 2002. To combat against corruption though the Bulgarian government has taken various methods, the European Union, however, has argued that the country is still facing many problems associated with the presence of corruption in the economy. The Union has recommended for the requirement of rehabilitated efforts to tackle such advanced and sophisticated corruption. (Corruption and Anti-corruption Policy in Bulgaria, 2002, pp 102-104; Bulgaria, February 28, 2005). The education system of Bulgaria is basically national in nature, but also affected significantly by foreign controls. In the 19th century the educational system of the country was highly motivated and influenced by the impact of Soviet Russia. The influence of Western Europe and the American educational culture are also significant on the overall educational environment of Bulgaria. However, to bring the country’s educational system in the line of Western European process of education the educational system of Bulgaria has been reformed. With such initiative to reform the educational system of the economy, Bulgaria has supported the agreement with the European Union. (Bulgaria- Educational System- overview, 2010). Development is the concept of freedom of human. The Human development index consists of the status of health, education and the income (Todaro and Stephen, 2009, p 19-21). The Human Development Index of Bulgaria is . 808 which has given it the rank of 55 among the 178 nations. (Economy 2010). In the early 20th century the proportion of residents who lived in the cities with their counterparts who lived in the villages were merely 20 percent. In 1945 the proportion has increased to almost 24 percent and at the end of 1990 it has been seen that more than 6 million people resided in the cities while less than 3 million population of Bulgaria resided in the villages. Such a change in demographic movement is well enough to argue that Bulgaria has experienced the pace of urbanization with the passage of time. Since almost 66% of Bulgarian migrants has relocated in the same states of the country, so there has not been seen any sharp decline in the regional population ratio. The demographers, however, are very concerned over the decline of the population of the villages. They are very concerned over the skewed distribution of population towards the cities. The 1990 democratization activities have raised many debates over the issue of agricultural privatization program of the government. (Curtis,1992). References: 1) Todaro, P, M and S, C, Stephen (2009), â€Å"Economic Development†, Pearson Education Limited, 10th Edition, England. 2) â€Å"Background Note: Bulgaria† (November 27, 2009), Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs, U. S. Department of State. Available at: http://www. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/3236. htm Access On: May 18, 2010 3) â€Å"Economy in Bulgaria† (n. d. ), World66 Available at: http://www. world66. com/europe/bulgaria/economy Access On: May 18, 2010 4) â€Å"Bulgaria Economy† (n. d. ), EconomyWatch Available at: http://www. economywatch. com/world_economy/bulgaria/ Access On: May 19, 2010 5) â€Å"Economy† (2010), Bulgaria, Europe, NationMaster. com Available at: http://www. nationmaster. com/country/bu-bulgaria/eco-economy Access On: May 19, 2010 6) â€Å"Bulgaria Economy 2010† (February 8, 2010), Countries of the World. Available at: http://www. theodora. com/wfbcurrent/bulgaria/bulgaria_economy. html Access On: May 19, 2010 7) Karasimeonov, G, (n. d. ), â€Å" The constitutional Rights of Minorities in Bulgaria† Available at: http://www. cecl. gr/RigasNetwork/databank/REPORTS/r9/BU_9_Konstantinov. html Access On: May 20, 2010 8) â€Å"Corruption and Anti-corruption Policy in Bulgaria† (2002), Open Society Institute Available at: http://info. worldbank. org/etools/antic/docs/Resources/Country%20Profiles/Bulgaria/OpenSocietyInstitute_CorruptionBulgaria. pdf Access On: May 20, 2010 9) â€Å"Bulgaria† (February 28, 2005), Bureau of Democr

Capitalism&Government Catch-22 essays

Capitalism&Government Catch-22 essays In his novel, Catch 22, Joseph Heller purposes the negative effects caused by the government and capitalism of the American society during World War II. According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, capitalism can be defined as an economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods. Heller uses this idea of capitalism to show how it was exploited by the American government during World War II. One basic idea of this exploitation is represented in the passage in chapter 26, where Its certainly is not your leg! Nurse Cramer retorted. That leg belongs to the U.S. government. Its no different than a gear or a bedpan. The Army has invested a lot of money to make you an airplane pilot, and youve no right to disobey the doctors orders. This shows the idea of capitalism that has been blow out of proportion. To the government, soldiers were just considered to be capital good, that could be basically bought and sold. In the case of the novel, the government saw medical attention as an investment. The men were considered to be nothing more than mere war materials as Nurse Cramer exclaims. They are dehumanized to the point where they have as much worth as a bedpan. Just like in the stock market, the government invests in soldiers, and the more that is invested increases the worth of the solider, but not as an individual, but as a group of hundreds of thousands of soldiers. Because of this there is no possible way individuality can prevail in this suppressive atmosphere. It would not be unlikely that if one solider was missing, that this solider could never be identified among the many other soldiers that were reported as being missing or dead, and this would have no effect on the government in anyway. The government was set in its ways, and acted as an inhuman war ...

How to Write your Perfect Paper in a Harvard Format with no Mistakes

How to Write your Perfect Paper in a Harvard Format with no Mistakes Writing any successful college, university, or school paper requires a set of important skills that include your in-depth knowledge, qualitative and technical expertise, and other aspects. Don’t forget your ability to present the information that you take from reliable resources in the right format that expresses your points without undermining the works and studies that you mention in your essay. There are many formats to reference all sources correctly on each page. They educate and guide people in a detailed structure, organization, and order of referenced sources, including general Harvard outline format instructions. Why do References Matter in Academic Writing? When you write any academic paper, you need to support every argument or thesis in a sentence with relevant references to other experimental findings or published works. They perform a few important tasks in the writing process: Letting readers to quickly search and find the sources of your referred materials; Enabling you to acknowledge the ideas of other authors and avoid plagiarism; Indicating to other people the depth and scope of your research. A standard Harvard outline format will help you do that. The Definition of Harvard Referencing Harvard is a popular referencing style because students use it in a number of academic disciplines, such as sciences, humanities, business subjects, and social sciences. Harvard law outlines are available in two citation types: Reference lists that you should create and place at the end of your work to provide full information for all sources; In-text citations that you put in the main body (they should contain fraction of full bibliographical data). There are some institutional and stylistic Harvard outline format variations. ORDER MY ESSAY IN HARVARD STYLE Harvard Outline Peculiarities Look through a range of standard Harvard outline format peculiarities to understand how to use this referencing style correctly. One of its greatest benefits is the simplicity and ease of referencing. That’s because it’s simple to trace and follow. The Harvard formatting outline uses a standard set of instructions and requirements for citing the sources of information that you use for your essay. You need to include writers’ names, titles, publication years, publishers, and publication places when referencing your academic papers in this format. The Harvard outline requires students to provide specific in-text references. They must include the year, name, and page reference of citations. When it comes to the general arrangement of your paper, this formatting style isn’t strict because it requires you only to include the right font and double spacing. Its basic objective is to make essays more user-friendly for readers. The key Harvard outline focus is on citations and references, so it’s important for you to be quite consistent and follow the necessary requirements to identify the right format for online sources, books, journal citations, etc. This referencing style is popular, and that’s why there are many updated changes that you can always find online or in libraries. Use the right Harvard outline when writing the first draft. Take notes of any useful information about your sources to avoid forgetting important details when writing your references and citations. Harvard Outline Formatting Quotations This referencing style dictates that when students use the exact words of other authors (known as direct quotes), they must place them in special quotation marks or inverted commas and follow them by in-text citations. What do they need to include? In-text citations must contain authors’ surnames, page numbers, and years. Quotation marks or inverted commas can be either double or single, and all you need to do to format your paper based on Harvard outline standards is to be consistent or consult with your tutors. Short quotations are 2-3 lines long; Long quotations are longer than 3 lines (indent and write them in a separate paragraph without including any quotation marks or inverted commas). GET ASSISTANCE HERE What are Key Things to Remember? When you use the ideas of other people from specific pages in your sources of information, this format requires you to include page numbers rather than direct quotes. If you’re unclear when to do that, discuss that with your professors. Bring them examples to simplify everything. In your reference list, you need to provide all the sources you use alphabetically based on their authors’ last names. If you use multiple citations of the same author, list them chronologically based on their publication years to earn good grades. How should you cite your sources? You can do that either indirectly (to show that you use other people’s idea without quoting them) or directly (writing direct quotes). If you quote directly from your sources, use page numbers. If you quote indirectly, don’t use them. When page numbers aren’t available, feel free to use paragraph numbers (if they aren’t available, use special abbreviations to show that). Online Sources and Citations for Chapters in Edited Books When you cite a single chapter in big books, ensure that you add a page range that it spans. Harvard outline standard requires you to include a book edition in citations. When you cite websites, you need to ascertain their authorship. If you use articles on the sites that aren’t online journals, magazines, or newspapers, there should be an individual author (if not, credit a website name with its authorship). Where to Get Help? If you find Harvard formatting guidelines hard to follow, don’t hesitate to get our professional assistance online because our trained specialists are there to help you. Contact our team available around the clock to get answers to your questions and order our reliable services.

The History of the Invention of the Telegraph

The History of the Invention of the Telegraph When British officials wished to communicate between London and the naval base at Portsmouth in the early 1800s, they utilized a system called a semaphore chain. A series of towers built on high points of land held contraptions with shutters, and men working the shutters could flash signals from tower to tower. A semaphore message could be relayed the 85 miles between Portsmouth and London in about 15 minutes. Clever as the system was, it was really just an improvement on signal fires, which had been used since ancient times. There was a need for much faster communication. And by the middle of the century, Britain’s semaphore chain was obsolete. The Invention of the Telegraph An American professor, Samuel F.B. Morse, began experimenting with sending communications via electromagnetic signal in the early 1830s. In 1838 he was able to demonstrate the device by sending a message across two miles of wire in Morristown, New Jersey. Morse eventually received funds from Congress to install a line for demonstration between Washington, D.C., and Baltimore. After an abortive effort to bury wires, it was decided to hang them from poles, and wire was strung between the two cities. On May 24, 1844, Morse, stationed in the Supreme Court chambers, which were then in the US Capitol, sent a message to his assistant Alfred Vail in Baltimore. The famous first message: â€Å"What hath God wrought.† News Traveled Quickly After the Invention of the Telegraph The practical importance of the telegraph was obvious, and in 1846 a new business, the Associated Press, began using the rapidly spreading telegraph lines to send dispatches to newspaper offices. Election results were gathered via telegraph by the AP for the first time for the 1848 presidential election, won by Zachary Taylor. In the following year AP workers stationed in Halifax, Nova Scotia, begin intercepting news arriving on boats from Europe and telegraphing it to New York, where it could appear in print days before the boats reached New York harbor. Abraham Lincoln Was a Technological President By the time Abraham Lincoln became president the telegraph had become an accepted part of American life. Lincolns first State of the Union message was transmitted over the telegraph wires, as the New York Times reported on December 4, 1861:​ The message of President Lincoln was telegraphed yesterday to all parts of the loyal states. The message contained 7, 578 words, and was all received in this city in one hour and 32 minutes, a feat of telegraphing unparalleled in the Old or New World. Lincolns own fascination with the technology led him to spend many hours during the Civil War in the telegraph room of the War Department building near the White House. The young men who manned the telegraph equipment later recalled him sometimes staying overnight, awaiting messages from his military commanders. The president would generally write his messages in longhand, and telegraph operators would relay them, in military cipher, to the front. Some of Lincolns messages are examples of emphatic brevity, such as when he advised General Ulysses S. Grant, at City Point, Virginia in August 1864: â€Å"Hold on with a bulldog grip, and chew and choke as much as possible. A. Lincoln.† A Telegraph Cable Reached Under the Atlantic Ocean During the Civil War construction of telegraph lines to the west proceeded, and news from the distant territories could be sent to the eastern cities almost instantly. But the biggest challenge, which seemed utterly impossible, would be to lay a telegraph cable under the ocean from North America to Europe. In 1851 a functional telegraph cable had been laid across the English Channel. Not only could news travel between Paris and London, but the technological feat seemed to symbolize the peace between Britain and France just a few decades after the Napoleonic Wars. Soon telegraph companies began surveying the coast of Nova Scotia to prepare for laying cable. An American businessman, Cyrus Field, became involved in the plan to put a cable across the Atlantic in 1854. Field raised money from his wealthy neighbors in New York City’s Gramercy Park neighborhood, and a new company was formed, the New York, Newfoundland, and London Telegraph Company. In 1857, two ships chartered by Fields company began laying the 2,500 miles of cable, setting off from Irelands Dingle Peninsula. The initial effort soon failed, and another attempt was put off until the following year. Telegraph Messages Crossed the Ocean By Undersea Cable The effort to lay the cable in 1858 met with problems, but they were overcome and on August 5, 1858, Cyrus Field was able to send a message from Newfoundland to Ireland via the cable. On August 16 Queen Victoria sent a congratulatory message to President James Buchanan. Cyrus Field was treated as a hero upon arrival in New York City, but soon the cable went dead. Field resolved to perfect the cable, and by the end of the Civil War he was able to arrange more financing. An attempt to lay cable in 1865 failed when the cable snapped just 600 miles from Newfoundland. An improved cable was finally put in place in 1866. Messages were soon flowing between the United States and Europe. And the cable which snapped the previous year was located and repaired, so two functional cables were operating. The Telegraph Was Depicted In the Capitol Dome Constantino Brumidi, the Italian-born artist who was painting inside the newly expanded US Capitol, incorporated the transatlantic cable into two beautiful paintings. The artist was an optimist, as his lofty depictions were completed a few years before the cable was finally proven successful. In the oil painting Telegraph, Europe is portrayed as clasping hands with America while a cherub offers a telegraph wire. The spectacular fresco inside the top of the Capitols dome, Apotheosis of Washington has a panel titled Marine showing Venus helping to lay the transatlantic cable. In the Late 1800s Telegraph Wires Covered the World In the years following Fields success, underwater cables connected the Middle East with India, and Singapore with Australia. By the end of the 19th century, much of the globe was wired for communication.

HR Training And Development M Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

HR Training And Development M - Research Paper Example First of all, it is relevant to analyze specific needs of the audience. Trainings should be developed with respect of special audience needs. Budget planning is appropriate in the context of different types of organizations. Both profitabe and non-profit organizations are focused on ivestment of time and money in their business or services sector to gain benefits or opularity among the audience. It is very important to have a clear goal of the training session (Sanow, 2003). It takes time to make it appropriate and it is necessary to rewrite it several times. This training session was devoted to budget cooking. Training objective depend on approaches and techniques used in the process of training session development. Further on we will focus on a practical meaning of a training session implemented for a firm or company in the food industry (budget cooking). It is very difficult to design a training program, especially the one, which is focused on financial issues. Any type of business depends on its correct budget planning. We were puzzled by development of training, which is devoted to the issues of budget creation. Attention of training is paid to budget cooking. Very often people are prevented from healthy and cheap food. Therefore, it is required to focus on possible options of changing existing menus, full of meat, fish and sea products, by more affordable vegetables and fruits. Firstly, healthy way of life is fashionable nowadays. Everybody gives up drinking, smoking and eating unhealthy food. So, for a business operating in food industry, it is better to get acquainted with the global trends in the lives of modern people. Actually, it occured to me that the mission of budget planning is a comprehensible and a challenging task. We advised following the next 14 Points to reach final goals by any type of the company. Actually, we underlined that it is relevant to follow these steps in the process of budget planning. Point 2. Market survey

Brand audit "Heineken" Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Brand audit "Heineken" - Essay Example The Global Heineken Manager Design & Concept once said that the new global long neck would reinforce the packaging, which applied the contemporary fancy can and embossed glasses. The Americans preferred short necks in order to differentiate the local beer from the imported one. The new bottle emphasizes on the visual identity on the cans and bottles. The visual identity was achieved by introducing sensory elements like embossments, indents that are strategically placed and tactile ink. The elements offer consumers aesthetic appealing and fun in the overall drinking experience. Specific packaging changes were done, with the brand elements including an elliptical curve originating from the Heineken’s logo. The refreshing green color is the Heineken’s trademark, which is enriched by the iconic star emblem that is red; the world has mostly recognized beer symbol. Heinekens commitment to improvement is evident from the new can design that was the first of its type to feature with tactile ink will be introduced all over the world. The latest glass has an embossed curve, which adds pleasant and better feeling when held. Heineken produces beer. In changing face of its beverage consumption, blurring its position among self-owned beverage labels and advertising restrictions. The company marketers decided to use the Heineken strong brand equity in expanding into neighboring markets and provided customers with other ways to interact with the company’s brand. Through a number of demonstrations, workshops and other activities, Cisco offered guidance and support on how Heineken could use technology to achieve this vision. The beer produced by Heineken is categorized into three groups; that is Heineken, Buckler and Subsidiary brands (Bergh & Behrer, 2010). Heineken lager beer is the primary product of the Heineken Group. It is over five percent pale lager, which was first manufactured in 1868. Forty brewers in thirty-nine countries around the

Psychological Analysis of the Film High Fidelity Movie Review

Psychological Analysis of the Film High Fidelity - Movie Review Example During the time when she said that, specifically after the funeral of her father, she even asked Rob to make out with her (out of her anxiety). Thus, throughout the scene, they had a confrontation, which soon led to getting back together. More so, Rob displays his liking for Laura as he talks to himself, stating top five reasons why he likes Laura, that to include: her habit of rubbing her feet while sleeping, her laugh, her looks, her getup, and just the way she carries herself. In fact, Rob's anxiety throughout the plot was caused by their breakup, leading him to conclude that she may be the one he wants to spend his life with forever and does everything he could to get her back. He also reiterated that he is so miserable without her that it is not worth thinking about alternatives. He constantly thought of whether or not Laura ever had the chance to make out with Ian and even got to the point of frustration because of sexual thoughts of Laura and someone else. In social exchange theory, rewards and costs are of high regard. The female, who most likely receives intimacy and concern from the male, out of love, gives herself sexually to her partner. On the other hand, the male, who has the angst for sexual pleasure, also receives what he desires. Hence, the theory also pays high regard to the equivalent of the reward, which most of the time turns out to be a sacrifice for both parties. However, since they really acquire their hearts' deepest desires through the exchange, they both find their relationship worth those costs (Wang 2). Moreover, because of this theory, people experience feeling like there is no one to replace his or her significant other (Gire). The framework that exists in the social exchange theory is vital to understand the workings of the... During and after viewing the film, as I applied the concepts of Social Psychology to the instances portraying particular theories and hypotheses, I learned the forces responsible for the actions of the characters, as well as the different motivations possibly to influence the thoughts of each one.It seems that whatever one experiences is brought by particular instances rolled into interweaving situations as they connect to the lives of one another. Furthermore, it became really evident why Rob was acting like he did in the film. I understand now that the reason why Rob keeps on being dumped by women or vice versa because at his 30’s, he still hasn’t found peace within. His environment, wherein peer pressure was really clearly shown (during his adolescent years), contributed to his thoughts that happiness is just within if only he will get what he wants. Now, at an age when one usually marries and already has children, he keeps on asking himself why he just cannot settle on.

Religious symbolism in literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Religious symbolism in literature - Essay Example Furthermore, the cross has been represented by numerous authors to depict the crucifixion of Jesus (Kozlovic 45). This is symbol of the Christian faith which is used in most of the churches. For instance, the bible asserts that Christ Jesus died on the cross for our sins. According to the book of Colossians chapter one in verse 20, Paul posits that, â€Å"Through his blood, shed on the cross† (Lewis 29). In addition, there are several symbols of cross which have been used in art and history. For instance, the Roman Catholic, and the protestant churches have been implied in various ways. In literature, several authors have alluded to the Garden of Eden in various works. For instance, the early American literature alludes to Christopher Columbus as the first man who discovered America in 1492. In addition, Shakespeare has incorporated both the snake and the garden as recurrent images. Through these images, Old Hamlet is viewed as a very good man who is a victim of the vicious deceptive murder of Claudius. The murder is abhorrent because Old Hamlet is a brother to Claudius, which is a similar incident to that of Cain and Abel in the Bible. Furthermore, when Hamlet is asked about the murder he alludes the Eden images. More so, due to corruption and sins at the court, the garden has been choked by weeds (Dasterdi). In addition, literary authors have also incorporated paradise as religious symbols in literary texts. For instance, in the novel, â€Å"Paradise Lost†, there are varied images about the loss of the true paradise. These images include the Garden of Eden. According to Milton, the Garden of Eden emerges as the best. He also asserts that heaven is another paradise which is ever bright. In book 12, Michael reminds Adam that it’s through Christianity that one can have a perfect life, as Christianity had not been invented. Furthermore, anyone who learns to love God, shall posses an inside paradise. That is paradise

An economic analysis of the causes of serfdomslavery Essay

An economic analysis of the causes of serfdomslavery - Essay Example Serfdom on the other hand, is also a social economic system whose conditions of bondage are bound but not limited to the fields of landowners. This is in return for protection and the right to work in their leased fields. Basing on these definitions, serfs are also slaves, only that serfs are entitled to property rights, therefore, free, in a way, to do what he thinks is fit for his land. In an analysis paper on the causes of slavery or serfdom in relation to agrarian capitalism, the author distinguishes the two systems by the following context. This is with the assumption that: "A slave can be forced to supply unskilled labor when supervised by a farm operator but he cannot be forced to surrender his non traded skills. This captures the idea that you cannot make a slave a residual claimant without also giving them a substantial degree of independent control over how they allocate labor between their tenancy and labor services to the landlord. A slave owes labor service in return for nothing other than a subsistence wage, whereas serfs were typically peasant farmers who maintained access to land in exchange for payment to a landlord which may or not have included significant labor-service obligation." (Jonathan Conning, p.10) It was during the medieval times, with the rise of feudalism in Europe, that the era of serfdom and slavery became rampant. In the feudal system, the society was divided into three social classes, namely the religious, the nobles and the laborers. The serfs and the slaves were under the third class, whose tasks mainly consist of household duties. The nature of slavery and serfdom prior to the colonization of America was described in an online article at the following context: "Most slaves in Africa, in the Islamic world, and in the New World prior to European colonization worked as farmers or household servants, or served as concubines or eunuchs. They were symbols of prestige, luxury, and power rather than a source of labor." (Digital History online textbook) The Rise of Capitalism This social economic system developed further in Medieval Europe. Though it declined in Western Europe, in the later middle ages, it spread out on Eastern Europe. With the Europeans desire for colonization, it expanded to Africa and shortly thereafter, to Americas. An online article also pointed out that "It was only in the New World that slavery provided labor force for a high-pressure profit-making capitalist system of plantation agriculture producing cotton, sugar, coffee, and cocoa for distant markets." (Mintz, S.) This is when the nature of serfdom and slavery transformed and evolved. During this process of exploration and colonization, emerged the "triangular trade" between the colonies. The triangular trade is derived from the three ports or regions that participated in the trade namely West Africa, West Indies and Europe. The trade evolved where commodities that are not needed in one region are shipped (export) to other regions that needs and receives it (import). In this trading system, the products of slave labor like sugar, molasses, tobacco and rice were brought to England where an exchange of goods took place. The goods were also shipped to Africa in

Humidacure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Humidacure - Essay Example The product is reliable, comfortable, palatable, and effective to treat flu, cold, and cough. The aim of having a product with pleasant flavours is to enhance an added advantage over other competitors in the market. The product does not only focus on treatment but expands out to reach people who enjoy taking products with flavours such as ginger, lemon, or orange. The product is good both in consistency and quality, which is more likely to attract many consumers in the market. As many people struggle to identify the best medicine that heals flue, cold, and cough, this product aims to provide consumers with adequate information on how to take the medicine and the various ways they can do to prevent the illness. With this, consumers will be in a better position to comprehend about their illness and evaluate ways to prevent it in future. Still, there will be contacts displayed in the product, which consumers can use to communicate to the company in case of any complication, and this wil l create trust and confidence of consumers on the benefits of using the product. 2.0 Situational analysis At this point, it is important to understand the internal and external factors that will be affecting the business as this will lead to a better understanding of what will influence the product future. The product will be affected by the government that has a strong control over the product manufacturing activities. The company may spend some resources to ensure that the product align with the health standards of law. Secondly, economic crisis may make consumers to cut down their spending on medicines and instead prefer to make drinks that heal the cold. With many products in the market, most consumers may be forced to purchase other products that may be cheaper than Humidacure. It is pertinent to note that, a culture has a strong effect on people’s perception and preferences. Natural ingredients are among the crucial aspects of culture, which marketers will put into cons ideration. The product will contain various ingredients that help in relieving cold, flu, and cough such as ginger, lemon, and orange just to name a few. A comprehensive marketing strategy will be crucial to understand how to address the external environment of the product. Extensive training will be conducted to those manufacturing and distributing the product to keep good relations with consumers and maintain quality product that attract consumers all over regardless of various challenges that may emerge such economic crisis. Customer satisfaction will be considered as the most vital thing for the company’s progress. MARKET ANALYSIS 3.0 Market Demographics The product targets adults from urban middle class segment. The reason for this group is that adults are more likely to purchase medicine than adolescents or teenagers. In most cases, parents purchase medicines for their kids. Still, this target group is most preferable in that most adults are more concern with their heal th and children’s health. 3.1 Market Summary The product is intended to use the combination of promotion advertisements where the focus will be placed on attracting clients to purchase the product while converting the first users of the product to frequent and potential users. To accomplish these, the product will be marketed via technology tools such as internet that will create awareness in many people. Still, this will create a strong

An economic analysis of the causes of serfdomslavery Essay

An economic analysis of the causes of serfdomslavery - Essay Example Serfdom on the other hand, is also a social economic system whose conditions of bondage are bound but not limited to the fields of landowners. This is in return for protection and the right to work in their leased fields. Basing on these definitions, serfs are also slaves, only that serfs are entitled to property rights, therefore, free, in a way, to do what he thinks is fit for his land. In an analysis paper on the causes of slavery or serfdom in relation to agrarian capitalism, the author distinguishes the two systems by the following context. This is with the assumption that: "A slave can be forced to supply unskilled labor when supervised by a farm operator but he cannot be forced to surrender his non traded skills. This captures the idea that you cannot make a slave a residual claimant without also giving them a substantial degree of independent control over how they allocate labor between their tenancy and labor services to the landlord. A slave owes labor service in return for nothing other than a subsistence wage, whereas serfs were typically peasant farmers who maintained access to land in exchange for payment to a landlord which may or not have included significant labor-service obligation." (Jonathan Conning, p.10) It was during the medieval times, with the rise of feudalism in Europe, that the era of serfdom and slavery became rampant. In the feudal system, the society was divided into three social classes, namely the religious, the nobles and the laborers. The serfs and the slaves were under the third class, whose tasks mainly consist of household duties. The nature of slavery and serfdom prior to the colonization of America was described in an online article at the following context: "Most slaves in Africa, in the Islamic world, and in the New World prior to European colonization worked as farmers or household servants, or served as concubines or eunuchs. They were symbols of prestige, luxury, and power rather than a source of labor." (Digital History online textbook) The Rise of Capitalism This social economic system developed further in Medieval Europe. Though it declined in Western Europe, in the later middle ages, it spread out on Eastern Europe. With the Europeans desire for colonization, it expanded to Africa and shortly thereafter, to Americas. An online article also pointed out that "It was only in the New World that slavery provided labor force for a high-pressure profit-making capitalist system of plantation agriculture producing cotton, sugar, coffee, and cocoa for distant markets." (Mintz, S.) This is when the nature of serfdom and slavery transformed and evolved. During this process of exploration and colonization, emerged the "triangular trade" between the colonies. The triangular trade is derived from the three ports or regions that participated in the trade namely West Africa, West Indies and Europe. The trade evolved where commodities that are not needed in one region are shipped (export) to other regions that needs and receives it (import). In this trading system, the products of slave labor like sugar, molasses, tobacco and rice were brought to England where an exchange of goods took place. The goods were also shipped to Africa in

“Eveline” and “The Dead” Essay Example for Free

â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å"The Dead† Essay Similarities between James Joyces short stories, â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å"The Dead† James Joyces short stories â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å"The Dead† basically share a lot of similarities in multiple aspects. Although they are thematically different, the main characters in both stories share nearly similar experiences that basically changed their views, beliefs, and decisions in life. The first notable similarity is between Gabriel Conroy, the main character of â€Å"The Dead† and Eveline, the principal character in â€Å"Eveline. † In â€Å"The Dead,† Gabriel Conroy views himself as a person who is in control of his life and, most especially his wife, Gretta. However, when Gretta suddenly cries because she remembered her past lover through a song being played in piano, Gabriel realizes that he has not in control of her since she evidently still has some past attachments that havent been settled. This incident basically changed Gabriels perception of his life and general as he laid down on his bed. Similarly, Eveline was already convinced that she wanted to escape the cruelty of his father by going away with her lover Frank but when she hears the organs that was played during her mothers death, she suddenly had a change of heart and remained in her home town. In addition, Evelines experience is also similar with Gretta as they both heard music that reminded them of their pasts. In short, the similarity between â€Å"Eveline† and â€Å"The Dead† is that both stories contained characters who suddenly stopped pursuing their desires and dreams due to a single yet significant experience. Moreover, both stories involves acknowledging and reconciling with the past and using past experiences to make decisions for the future.

Mountain Dew: Company Analysis

Mountain Dew: Company Analysis Executive Summary: This report is about the Mountain Dew, which was launched in Pakistan in 1994 by Pepsi Cola Inc. It was launched without any prior research of the market. It is a product of Pepsi Cola Inc. Originally it was a private brand, which was later purchased by Pepsi Cola Inc. In this short report first I will explore the reasons of its failure in Pakistan, and then I will suggest a marketing plan to re-launch. Mountain Dew world wide usually target sports oriented and adventure seeking people but due to pattern of living in Pakistan is different so I am going to position it as a refreshing drink with a unique energizing and citrus taste. It competitors include 7 UP (another product of Pepsi which is holding 52 % of share) and Sprite ( a product of Coca Cola holding 38% of market share)in a different way. Threat for re-launching Mountain Dew is that it might affect the sale of 7 UP which is another product of Pepsi Cola Inc. The area which I select to re-launch Mountain Dew is Karachi which is one of the major cities of Pakistan. Company PepsiCo, Incorporated (NYSE: PEP) is a Fortune 500, American multinational corporation headquartered in purchase, New York, with interests in manufacturing and marketing a wide variety of carbonated and non-carbonated beverages, as well as salty, sweet and cereal-based snacks, and other foods. Besides the Pepsi brands, the company owns the brands Quaker Oats, Gatorade, Frito Lay, Naked, Tropicana, Copella, Mountain Dew, Mirinda and 7UP (outside the USA). [1] Mission Our mission is to be the worlds premier consumer Products Company focused on convenient foods and beverages. We seek to produce financial rewards to investors as we provide opportunities for growth and enrichment to our employees, our business partners and the communities in which we operate. And in everything we do, we strive for honesty, fairness and integrity. [2] Product Mountain Dew, currently stylized predominantly as Mtn Dew, is a soft drink distributed by PepsiCo, but remains its own brand. The formula was made and first marketed in Marion, VA, Knoxville and Johnson City, Tennessee, USA through the 1940s, then in Fayetteville, North Carolina by Barney and Ally Hartman. By 1964, it was being distributed across United States. The formula still used today was created by Bill (William) Jones. As of 2007, Mountain Dew was the 4th best selling carbonated soft drink in the United States, behind Coca-Cola Classic, Pepsi-Cola, and Diet Coke. Mountain Dews Diet version ranked 9th in sales. On October 15, 2008, Mountain Dews official logo was redesigned to Mtn Dew, as a result of a PepsiCo re-branding of its core products. Currently in the UK, a new drink called Mountain Dew Energy has been introduced into the energy drink market. Mountain Dew was previously marketed in the UK in 1995, with a TV spot having the strap line Wild color, smooth taste. It was unsuccessful, and the sale of Mountain Dew in the UK was discontinued (except for imports) by 1997. [3] Mountain Dew in Pakistan (Situation Analysis): Mountain Dew was launched in Pakistan in 1994 by Pepsi Cola Inc. but failed to capture the market due to many reasons. Reasons of Failure Timing: It was launched at the end of July, but summer season in most part of the Pakistan starts from March and ends on September. So the timing to launch this product is not good. Packaging: It was introduced in glass bottles that were used by 7 UP. Same look, same color, only the brand name was changed. Distribution: Timing to launch Mountain Dew also affects the delivery and distribution system. Distributors did not take huge quantity of the drink. Fragmented Launching: The launch was fragmented. Instead of launching it in one city and covered more area they launch it in five cities (Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad) covering only one or two location. That was not good. Awareness: Pepsi Cola Inc. did not advertise properly in media to make consumer aware of the product. Market Situation: In Pakistan consumption of soft drinks in high. So the market is very attractive for new entrants. The sales are remarkably high during summer and cultural occasions like Eid, Ramadan, Birthday parties etc. Majority population in Pakistan is from middle and lower class. Thus high prices of non-essential goods are not acceptable. So company has to be careful in setting or increasing prices. Competitive Situation: The major competitors for Mountain Dew will be 7 UP, Teem and Sprite These competitors are charging same pricesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Rs.15 for disposable 250 ml bottle and Rs.10 for regular 250 ml bottle. Teem has very little advertisement where as 7 UP and Sprite are supported by Television advertisements, billboards etc. MARKETING PLAN I am going to re-launch it. I am assigning this product a separate business unit supported by required finance and facilities in the city of Karachi. Population of Karachi is estimated at 18 million. It is the best place for launching any product. People of Karachi are more risk taker and consider being a trendsetter for the rest of the country. Mountain Dew manufacturing plan will be located at SITE Industrial Area because of availability of resources like labor, electricity and most important water which plays an important role in manufacturing of soft drinks. Market Targeting Strategy A large group has been identified within the soft drink with similar wants for Mountain Dew and market segmentation will be done on the basis of geographic, demographics and psychographics of the customers. Positioning: Mountain Dew will be positioned as Refreshing and Energizing soft drink. Product Line: Mountain Dew will be launched in different packaging after getting success in a market. Price: Its price will be same as of its competitors. Distribution Outlets: Two channels will be used for distributionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Direct channel (sale promotion officers) Indirect channel (retail outlets). Mountain Dew will be provided to 10500 of these outlets. Company will generate 75% of sale from these outlets. Sales Force: 50 sales promotional officer will be hired who are responsible for the direct sales to institutions i.e. marriage halls, hotels, offices, universities. Sale Promotion: Discount will be offered to retailers and distributors. Consumers are offered with buy one get one free offers. Advertising: Initially company will have to spent huge amount on advertising to create awareness. Commercials on entertainment channels and Fm radio will be on aired 30 times a day for at least a month. Company will also advertise through news papers, billboards, banners. Marketing Research: Keeping in view of objective to satisfy customers efficiently and effectively, marketing team will keep in touch with customers to identify their buying preferences, taste etc. Building Customer Satisfaction Value Retention Mountain Dew is trying to get the image of refreshing soft drink with unique taste. Sales team, shopkeepers at retail outlets will be friendly and supportive with customers in forwarding their suggestions and complaints to the company. Objective is to delight customers once it is achieved it will create emotional bond with the brand. Customer Satisfaction Survey: Mountain Dew will have to conduct surveys after every three months for the first year of launching in order to identify customers satisfaction and dissatisfaction level and implement those changes suggested by surveys. Delivering Customer Value and Satisfaction After identifying the customer value and satisfaction factors the next important thing is to effectively deliver those values. Here is suggested value chain system for Mountain Dew. Primary Activities Inbound Logistic and Operations: Mountain Dew will be manufactured using advance technology and processing facility located at SITE Industrial Area, Karachi. Team of potential and experienced individual will be hired to support its operations. Outbound Logistic: Delivery of Mountain Dew in Karachi will be through Distributors. Distributors will be divided according to regions like East, West, North and South. If there are places beyond distributors access, Mountain Dew will use its delivery vans. Marketing: Different medias will be used for promotions and making consumers aware of the product unique features. Support Activities: Supporting activities like procurement, human resource, accounting etc. will be carried out by separate departments established for these purposes. Scanning Marketing Environment Now we are going to analyze macro environment, the demographic, economic, technological, political-legal and social cultural, for the re-launch of Mountain Dew. Demographic Environment The first of the macro environmental force is population. The company is interested in the size, density and growth rate of population of Karachi. Karachi Population Growth: Karachis population consists of 18 million people and population growing at the rate of 5% per annum. Population can be divided into five different aged groups: school-age children, teenagers, young adults aged 25 to 40, middle aged adults age 40 to 65 and age 65 and above. Company has to target decision makers that are young adults. Economic Environment Purchasing power determines the economic environment of a country. Purchasing power depends on income, prices, savings etc. The income level of people in Karachi is very low, trends of savings is not there. Economy is dependent on foreign debts. Majority of people in Karachi are salaried or daily wages labor. Average family income is round about Rs. 6000 or less. Technological Environment I dont consider technology as important factor for Mountain Dew. Political Legal Environment Political and legal environment affects marketing decisions. Pakistan is politically unstable. It gives negative indicator to foreign investors. So company has to seek some sort of assurance for the responsibility of regulating business from some agencies. Social cultural Pakistan has a mix culture. People are following inherited tradition, traditional norms and values. Due to high poverty people can not afford very cost. Many families in Pakistan live under one roof, so purchasing patterns of consumers are highly influenced by the advices and recommendations of other family members. Mountain Dew is being re-launched in Karachi, which is the largest city of Pakistan in terms of population, size and area. Here soft drinks are utilized through out year due to hot weather. The People of Karachi are considered trendsetters of the country. Competition Mountain Dew has identified its competitors as 7 UP, Sprite, Teem that are substitute for each other with a very little difference in taste and filling where as Mountain Dew falls in this category with unique taste and packaging. Mountain Dew has to face tough competition from Sprite (brand of Coca-Cola Company) and 7 UP (brand of Pepsi) both constitute 92% the market share. Competitors Profile Coca Cola Inc The Coca-Cola Company began its operation in Pakistan in 1953. Its brands include Coca-Cola ®, Fanta ®, Sprite ®. It has approximately 70000 retail outlets in its distribution list. The Coca-Cola Company sponsors the Basant Festival in Lahore, a festival that marks the beginning of spring and attracts tourist from all over the world. It also sponsor music concerts through out the country for teenagers and underprivileged children. The Coca-Cola company is the selected supplier for Pakistan Railway, serving soft drinks in stations, platform and on trains. 7 UP Pepsi Cola Inc. launched 7 UP in Pakistan in 1969. It is consider as the market leader in the white drinks category. Pepsi Cola introduced 7 UP in Pakistan in 1969. Today 7 UP is considered the market leader in the white drinks category. 7 UP is financially strong and well established brand. Competitive Strategy for Mountain Dew Mountain Dew is new to the soft drink market of Pakistan as it was failed in the previous experience due to not having good marketing strategy. After analysis I recommend following strategy moves for Mountain Dew in order to compete with 7 UP and Sprite. Product Proliferation Now it will be provided in variety of sizes (see table 1.1) in order to increase the consumption and making price conscious consumer buy the product as they will purchase it according to their specific need. Product Innovation Mountain Dew itself is an innovative product in the market of Pakistan because of it unique citrus taste and energizing attributes. Distribution Innovation Mountain Dew will not only rely on distributors but it will develop its own distribution channel in order to get access to the market from all the dimensions. Market Segmentation A large group has been identified within the soft drink with similar wants for Mountain Dew and market segmentation will be done on the basis of geographic, demographics and psychographics of the customers. Geographic At start it will be launched in Karachi city only after that it will be introduced in the rest of Sindh, Punjab, NWFP and Baluchistan. Developing an Advertising Program Advertisement is a cost effective way to circulate messages, whether, build brand preference or to educate people. Advertising Objective Convince the market of the brand superiority. Type of Advertising As Mountain Dew is at its initial stage, we will use informative advertising, making people aware of the product, its quality and benefits of using the product. Advertisement Budget Mountain Dew is at the beginning of product life cycle, as consumers are not aware of it, thus large investment will be required for advertisement. Advertising Message Forget past as its gone, look new and choice new which is Mountain Dew. Selecting Media For Mountain Dew advertisement we will chose media that is cost effective and covering large number of audience. As it is customer-oriented company, its goal is to serve maximum number of customers. Electronic Media Electronic media will be used for advertising Mountain Dew i.e. TV. Its commercials will be on aired on PTV (Pakistans national Channel) and entertainment channels like ARY Digital, Hum TV and GEO Entertainment. Print Media Apart from electronic media company will advertise in newspapers like The News, Dawn and Magazines like Akhbar-e-Jehan. Billboards Billboards will be place on all major areas of the cities like Deltons, SITE, Korangi Bridge, FTC etc. Sales Promotion: Sale promotion tools we are going to use for Mountain Dew are as under: Free Trials Free trails will be offered for the first week to 2000 consumer who visited retail outlets. Prizes / Contest For the first two month company will attach coupon to each bottle, after filling it customer will return this coupon to retailer who then forward to company, through lucky draw on weekly basis consumer will be awarded prizes like motorbike, bicycle, mobile etc. Critical Reflection on Learning Outcomes Mountain was first launched in 1994. It tried to get the image of activating and energetic soft drink with a unique citrus taste, providing customer with a highest product value. Customer had wide range of choices in selecting product quantity. Mountain Dew offered the same price as its competitors were offering i.e. Rs. 10 for regular bottle but with additional quantity of 50 ml. the reason it failed to capture the market was market plan. Following were the problem with there marketing plan: 1. Company introduced the product at the end of July, but summer season in Pakistan starts from march and ends on September, so the timing to introduce the product was not good. 2. It was introduced in glass bottles that were used by 7 UP. Same look, same color, only the brand name was changed 3. The launch was fragmented. Instead of launching it in one city and covered more area they launch it in five cities (Islamabad, Karachi, Lahore, Gujranwala, Faisalabad) covering only one or two location. That was not good. 4. Pepsi Cola Inc. did not advertise properly in media to make consumer aware of the product. Why Organization Need Marketing Plan It is an essential document for both large corporate marketing departments and for startup companies. The Marketing Plan is generally undertaken for one of the following reasons: Needed as part of the yearly planning process within the marketing functional area. Needed for a specialized strategy to introduce something new, such as new product planning, entering new markets, or trying a new strategy to fix an existing problem. Is a component within an overall business plan, such as a new business proposal to the financial community? When writing the business plan, the Marketing Plan section explains how youre going to get your customers to buy your products and/or services. The marketing plan, then, will include sections detailing your: Products and/or Services and your Unique Selling Proposition Pricing Strategy Sales/Distribution Plan Advertising and Promotions Plan The easiest way to develop your marketing plan is to work through each of these sections, referring to the market research you completed when you were writing the previous sections of the business plan.