Telekom Malaysia Berhad Essay Example

Telekom Malaysia Berhad Essay Inside the agreement it also includes supply and implementation of GAPS technology from Yahoo. In 2005, the network coverage Is expanding till Karakas area which means that Dig will acquire a big market besides In west Malaysia market only. Dig team up with Mbabane to Introduce new services which Is customer of Mbabane can reload or register their repaid phone through maybug. Com In 2006. In year 2009, the company owned Pay By Mobile Sad. Bad. ND cooperate with Microsoft to offer Windows Live Messenger to Dig subscribers. 1. 2 Telecoms Malaysia Bertha Telecoms Malaysia (TM) is one of the mighty companies in telecommunication industry in Malaysia which transfer from Cabana Telecoms Malaysia and in 1987 become first Malaysian private company. In 2001, TM has launch CDMA which is code division multiple access technology broadband and Blueberry. Com. After two years later TM merge with Cellos thus become the largest cellular operator in Malaysia. Between year 2005 till 2009, the company has form many agreements with others International company and also set up or Invest In different countries such as acquired Exclamation (XSL) in 2005 which is owned subsidiary in Indonesia. After TM group sold 3. 2% of its share in Dialog in 2007, TM was formed a strategic alliance with Macomb Group Embank and MS to leverage and strengths to widen their distribution network. So in 2008, TM is decided Demeter its mobile and fixed businesses into two entitles. Because of De-merger mobile operation as a separate public listed company in Malaysia as Telecoms Malaysia International (TWO). The most recent project in TM is the company launches HASH which is High Speed Broadband in few areas such as Appear, Skeletal, Perils, Asked and Niger Seminal. 2. 0 The Industry Analysis Overview of telecommunication Industry In Malaysia Is highly competitive and this Industry Is said to be one of the fastest growing Industry In Malaysia. Telecommunication industry can be characterized as a fruitful and profitable Industry Owe to ten Toweling. PORTAL s five competitive forces 2. 1 Threat of the new entrants: We will write a custom essay sample on Telekom Malaysia Berhad specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Telekom Malaysia Berhad specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Telekom Malaysia Berhad specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Telecommunication industry is considered as a profitable industry is due to the high entry barriers created by government to this industry. Entry barriers reduce the rate of entry of new firms, thus maintaining a level of profits for those already in the industry. In this industry, the Government has taken steps to introduce managed competition in the industry by offering various telecommunications licenses. To date, the Government has awarded only eight mobile licenses to operators in Malaysia. For example: Telecoms Malaysia had a virtual monopoly on telecommunications services in Malaysia 2. Rivalry among existing firms: Profitability of the industry also affected greatly by the intensity of competition among existing firms in the industry. Telecommunication industry consists of only several mobile operators such as TM, Maxis, Dig due to the entry restriction that imposed by the government. Therefore, rivalry among Competitors Telecommunication industry in Malaysia is oligopoly structure nowadays and the level of competition in this particular industry is said to be low one. 2. 3 Threat of substitute product: Another force that directly affected the profitability of an industry is the threat of bustiest product. In Porters model, substitute products refer to products in other industries. Substitute product is the product or services that is different from the existing product/services but serves the similar needs. Products and services from non-traditional telecoms industries pose serious substitution threats. Cable TV and satellite operators now compete for buyers. Besides that, the substitute product for the mobile services in telecommunication also included fax, email or even letter. A threat of substitutes exists when a products demand is affected by the price change of a substitute product. This threat is said to be a weak one because these substitute products such as letter or e-mail are unable to fulfill or completely replace the mobile services. 2. 4 Bargaining power of buyers Bargaining power of buyers is another force that affected the profitability in telecommunication industry. The buyers in this industry are all services customer and said to have low bargaining power to the services provider. This is because Tm is the sole provider of fixed line telephone services in Malaysia, other mobile operator such as Dig , Maxis, Cellos account for approximately 85% of mobile services in Malaysia. As a result, this contributes to concentration of the buyers industry. Besides this, the buyers have high switching cost in this industry. As a result, the industry is more profitable when the buyers have low bargaining power (indicating that the buyers are unable to affect the setting of prices in the industry). 2. 5 Bargaining power of suppliers The last determinant of profitability in telecommunication industry is bargaining power of suppliers. The suppliers in this industry can be the suppliers of raw materials/component such as cable, broadband equipment, mobile handset, and software.

Quotes from Life on the Mississippi by Mark Twain

Quotes from Life on the Mississippi by Mark Twain Life on the Mississippi is a memoir by Mark Twain. In it, he describes his many adventures and experiences on the river, with its history, features, etc. Here are a few quotes from the book: Quotes From Chapter 1 The Mississippi is well worth reading about. It is not a commonplace river, but on the contrary is in all ways remarkable. Considering the Missouri its main branch, it is the longest river in the worldfour thousand three hundred miles. It seems safe to say that it is also the crookedest river in the world, since in one part of its journey it uses up one thousand three hundred miles to cover the same ground that the crow would fly over in six hundred and seventy-five.The world and the books are so accustomed to use, and over-use, the word new in connection with our country, that we early get and permanently retain the impression that there is nothing old about it. Quotes From Chapters 3 and 4 Sired by a hurricane, damd by an earthquake.Ch. 3When Im playful I use the meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude for a seine, and drag the Atlantic Ocean for whales! I scratch my head with the lightning, and purr myself to sleep with the thunder!Ch. 3Now and then we had a hope that if we lived and were good, God would permit us to be pirates.Ch. 4 Quotes From Chapters 6 and 7 I was gratified to be able to answer promptly and I did. I said I didnt know.Ch. 6Your true pilot cares nothing about anything on earth but the river, and his pride in his occupation surpasses the pride of kings.Ch. 7By the Shadow of Death, but hes a lightning pilot!Ch. 7 Quotes From Chapters 8 and 9 Here is a proud devil, thought I; here is a limb of Satan that would rather send us all to destruction than put himself under obligations to me, because I am not yet one of the salt of the earth and privileged to snub captains and lord it over everything dead and alive in a steamboat.Ch. 8I felt like a skinful of dry bones and all of them trying to ache at once.Ch. 8You can depend on it, Ill learn him or kill him.Ch. 8The face of the water, in time, became a wonderful booka book that was a dead language to the uneducated passenger, but which told its mind to me without reserve, delivering its most cherished secrets as clearly as if it uttered them with a voice. And it was not a book to be read once and thrown aside, for it had a new story to tell every day.Ch. 9 Quotes From Chapter 17 In the space of one hundred and seventy-six years the Lower Mississippi has shortened itself two hundred and forty-two miles. That is an average of a trifle over one mile and a third per year. Therefore, any calm person, who is not blind or idiotic, can see that in the Old OÃ ¶litic Silurian Period, just a million years ago next November, the Lower Mississippi River was upwards of one million three hundred thousand miles long, and stuck out over the Gulf of Mexico like a fishing rod. And by the same token any person can see that seven hundred and forty-two years from now the Lower Mississippi will be only a mile and three quarters long, and Cairo and New Orleans will have joined their streets together, and be plodding comfortably along under a single mayor and a mutual board of aldermen. There is something fascinating about science. One gets such wholesale returns of conjecture out of such a trifling investment of fact. Quotes From Chapter 23 Give an Irishman lager for a month, and hes a dead man. An Irishman is lined with copper, and the beer corrodes it. But whiskey polishes the copper and is the saving of him, sir. Quotes From Chapters 43-46 Ive worked up a business here that would satisfy any man, dont care who he is. Five years ago, lodged in an attic; live in a swell house now, with a mansard roof, and all the modern inconveniences.Ch. 43I found the half-forgotten Southern intonations and elisions as pleasing to my ear as they had formerly been. A Southerner talks music. At least it is music to me, but then I was born in the South. The educated Southerner has no use for an r, except at the beginning of a word.Ch. 44In the South the war is what A.D. is elsewhere; they date from it.Ch. 45War talk by men who have been in a war is always interesting; whereas moon talk by a poet who has not been in the moon is likely to be dull.Ch. 45Sir Walter [Scott] had so large a hand in making Southern character, as it existed before the war, that he is in great measure responsible for the war.Ch. 46 Quotes From Chapter 52 The letter was a pure swindle, and that is the truth. And take it by and large, it was without a compeer among swindles. It was perfect, it was rounded, symmetrical, complete, colossal!

Philosophy of the Person and Self Concept Essay - 1

Philosophy of the Person and Self Concept - Essay Example Locke in his  An Essay Concerning Human Understanding  and Jacques Rohault in his  Ultimate Questions: Thinking About Philosophy  use primarily ‘reason’ as their major tool for scientific research and methodological strength. He initially expresses doubt for ‘being’ and goes further to prove the reality of ‘being’. For him, when we doubt a thing or being, we then  ipso facto, by virtue of the existence of ‘doubt’, must know that what we doubt exist as a reality. Doubt we must for Descartes. Otherwise, all apparent reality is a dream or an illusion. This is not an instance of contradiction in Descartes. Here, it is the order and tool of argument is important than any other thing.  Descartes’ critics such as Johannes Caterus, Friar Marin Mersenne, Thomas Hobbes, Antoine Arnauld, Pierre Gassendi and Jesuit Pierre Bourdin point out quite a few criticisms.     

Analysis of Movie Posters (Pirates of the Caribbean) Essay

Analysis of Movie Posters (Pirates of the Caribbean) - Essay Example The main poster for Pirates of the Caribbean is very amazing. This poster was designed specifically to announce the debut of the movie and the first screening. This poster was created in the US to help create awareness of the new movie. The poster is a typical representation of movies of this genre characterized with a lot of graphic images. Its design, the use of color and images is completely attractive and persuasive for one to go see the movie. The most standing out features of the poster include the title, which has been written in a large artistic font at the bottom of the poster; names of the main actors placed at the top of the poster, a large image in the foreground of one of the main actors and a background image of a ship in stormy water. The date of the movie, which is written in red color at the bottom left corner of the poster and the name of the institution behind the movie as well as the available formats for the movie are also outstanding and give the audience someth ing to look forward to. The poster has mainly used dark colors such as black and grey in the background to create a psychological effect of war (Noble 135). The background image of the ship in a stormy sea represents a scene in the movie that takes place when the ship is attacked. This image has been used to create an urge among the viewers to go to movie theatres to watch what exactly happens in the scene. The date for showing the movie has been written in red color for it to stand out. ... Its design, the use of color and images is completely attractive and persuasive for one to go see the movie. The most standing out features of the poster include the title, which has been written in a large artistic font at the bottom of the poster; names of the main actors placed at the top of the poster, a large image in the foreground of one of the main actors and a background image of a ship in stormy water. The date of the movie, which is written in red color at the bottom left corner of the poster and the name of the institution behind the movie as well as the available formats for the movie are also outstanding and give the audience something to look forward to. The poster has mainly used dark colors such as black and grey in the background to create a psychological effect of war (Noble 135). The background image of the ship in a stormy sea represents a scene in the movie that takes place when the ship is attacked. This image has been used to create an urge among the viewers t o go to movie theatres to watch what exactly happens in the scene. The date for showing the movie has been written in red color for it to stand out. This would enable people o easily know when the movie will be showing. It is the only red color on the poster and could also have the psychological effect of expressing danger thus indicating the extent of violence in the movie. The formats of the movie such as digital 3D and Imax 3D have been written in large font at the bottom of the poster to inform the viewers of the various forms of the movie so that they can decide on their preferred option. The title of the movie stands out as having the largest artistic font together with an image of a human skull with two swords to

The Bitumen Stabilised Materials Engineering Essay

The Bitumen Stabilised Materials Engineering Essay The following section looks at what bitumen satbilised materials are and how they are implemented in construction. As many aspects of bitumen emulsion and foamed bitumen overlap this section looks at them both together, which sub-sections outlining the differences between the methods. Introduction Bitumen Stabilised materials Bitumen stabilized materials are materials which have been treated with either bitumen emulsion or foamed bitumen. When adding either type of bitumen the quantity of bitumen should not exceed more than 3% of the total mass of the dry aggregate, as this would mean it is more than a stabilizing agent. Furthermore in many situations an active filler in the form of cement or hydrated lime can also be added to the mix. If it is added however it should not exceed more than 1% of the bitumen stabilizer added. If it does the materials is considered to be cement treated. It is also important to note that this stabilisation agent does not the material into solid asphalt like material. In undergoing this treatment the material will remain in a granular state similar to how it was before stabilisation. It is only its behavioral characteristics which will change. The material will experience an increase in material strength and a reduction in moisture susceptibility as a result of the manner in which the bitumen is dispersed amongst the finer aggregate particles. The fact that the material will remain in a granular state means that this treatment method is dramatically different from all other pavement materials. The dispersed bitumen changes the shear properties of the material by significantly increasing the cohesion value whilst causing little change to the internal friction angle of the material. It will also have a void content similar to that of a granular layer, not like and asphalt. Bitumen Emulsion As the name suggest in this process bitumen is emulsified in water. This means that bitumen is dispersed in water, with the knowledge that they will not mix; due to the fact an emulsifying agent is used. The emulsifying agent will also give the bitumen emulsion a charge, making the bitumen emulsion either cationic or anionic. This mixture is then added to the aggregate which will make up a part of the pavement structure. As the bitumen droplets are charged, they will be attracted to the aggregate particles. In attraction they will be drawn to the smaller particles as they have the greatest surface area and charge concentration features. For these reasons the type and moisture of the aggregate in the mix is crucial in efficiently dispersing the bitumen emulsion and preventing premature separation of the bitumen from the water during mixing. Once it has been mixed the separation of the water from the bitumen needs to occur. This will allow the bitumen to act as a binder. This separation should only occur after the material has been fully compacted. The mixing process involved with Bitumen Emulsion occurs offsite in a manufacturing plant. Here it is can be stored for several months. The diagram below shows a simplified version of the manufacturing process. Foamed Bitumen To produce foamed bitumen water is injected into hot bitumen, which results in instant foaming of the bitumen. In the foaming process the hot bitumen is turned into vapour, which is trapped in thousands of tiny bitumen bubbles. These bubbles dissipate in less than a minute. When the bubbles burst they form tiny bitumen particles. These spread throughout the aggregate attaching themselves to the finer particles of the aggregate mixture. When the aggregate is compacted, the bitumen covered particles are pressed against the larger particles in the aggregate. As a resultant of this localized non-continuous bonds are formed, like spot welds. Behaviour As the material treated with bitumen will remain in an unbound state, it will act similar to the original material. The only difference will be an improved cohesive strength and reduced moisture sensitivity, which are both favorable outcomes. This is because the bitumen only disperses amongst the finer particles, which forms a bitumen-rich mortar between the coarse particles. This also means that opposite to the common misconception that the material will become black and sticky like a hot-mix asphalt. The material will only slightly darken in colour. Through numerous tests around the world of bitumen stabilized pavements a number of initial observations on how the pavement will behave have been made. The following behaviours have been assumed. Materials treated with either bitumen methods will experience an increase in cohesion. The friction angle of the treated material will remain similar to the untreated material. They obtain flexural strength. Which will mean the pavement is less likely to crack when subjected to tensile stresses. Moisture sensitivity and durability are improved. This is due to the fact the finer particles are encapsulated and immobilized blocking flow channels. The most common mode of failure is permanent deformation. All these behaviors will depend on the following: The local climate (Temperature, Average rainfall, likeliness of frost or snow) The properties of the parent material The density of the layer The quantity of binder added The use of any active fillers The properties of the supporting material It is important to note here that BSMs behave very different to asphalt and cement treated materials. Benefits There are a number of benefits associated with using BSMs. These include: Increased strength The ability to replace higher quality materials, meaning a cost saving Improved durability Improved moisture sensitivity Can provide cost and time savings Typical failure mode is permanent deformation, which requires less effort to rehabilitate when compared to a material that will fail due to full-depth cracking They are not temperature sensitive If the road requires rehabilitation BSMs propose little treat to the environment They are not overly sensitive, meaning the amount of bitumen added can vary slightly The process does not require heavy construction traffic. This limits the damage cause to newly constructed layers during construction Limitations When considering whether to use BSMs or not there are three main limitations. These should be carefully considered when making the decision to use BSMs. The three limitations are; Economics Bitumen treatment can add significant costs to a project. Its use of lower caterogory roads should be carefully examined as it could not be worth it. Design Expertise as they are currently been developed and act differently from all other pavement materials careful design is required. Construction Expertise the construction process requires attention to detail. This means special training of the work force is required. Along with this limitations the both bitumen emulsion and foamed bitumen have their own disadvantages Bitumen Emulsion With bitumen emulsion come the following disadvantages By adding the water present in the emulsion process, the original material may go over its optimum water content. This will mean the material cannot be compacted properly. A quick setting time is required allow the material to gain sufficient strength the construction process must be completed with care. If the bitumen breaks prematurely it will not mix properly. If the material is to stable it can take months for the bitumen to break Foamed Bitumen With foamed bitumen come the following disadvantages it requires sufficient fines. They required to ensure the bitumen mixes thoroughly. Foaming equipment needs to be up kept and be in correct working order. The foamed bitumen needs to be sprayed in uniform, consistent manner. The process requires specialist equipment, as the two liquid are not compatible. Materials Suitable for treatment For bitumen stabilisation to work a suitable material must be selected. First of all the material must be granular. For this reason materials that are suitable for treatment include; Crushed rock Previously untreated natural gravels, such as basalt, granite, limestone, quartz, sandstone Reclaimed asphalt It can also be said that calcrete gravels can be used for bitumen emulsion; however it will not work with foamed bitumen. Design Approach Design Sequence The first step in a typical design for a BSM involves an investigation of the conditions. This includes expected traffic volumes, the materials available, the climate and the pavement structure for recycling projects. Once this has been done a laboratory investigation of the proposed material takes place. This involves determining the materials class. The next step is to design the mix and make the final material classification. Once all of these steps are completed the structural design is completed. In this design if it is shown that the road is not economically viable the mix design will be redone and the steps repeated. Shown below is a flow chart of the steps involved. Mix Design In using a stabilizer it is important that the stabilizer meets its intended purpose. The process of design the mix will be mainly dependent of the design traffic, the material available and the cost considerations. However n creating a mix design it is also important to consider the following; The primary failure mode this will define the materials performance requirements. Appropriate laboratory tests tests need to be selected that will identify the key performance criteria and failure mechanisms. Identifying key mix properties and intrinsic material properties. Taking into account variability in material properties Environmental factors Climate and moisture conditions. The ability to effectively compact the material. In designing the mix it is important to note that optimum bitumen content is not always selected for the mix design. This is because although the optimum bitumen content will provide the maximum material strength, this will mean other characteristics are forfeited. For example a high strength design will often lead to brittle inflexible pavement layers that are susceptible to cracking. In designing the mix it is important that the design is balance so that it will be suitable to it requirements. Classification of BSMs Currently South Africa has divided Bitumen Stabilised Materials into three classes. These classes are dependent on the quality of the original material and the design traffic. The three classes include: BSM1 The parent material has a high shear strength, and is normally the base layer for large volumes of traffic. Source materials include well graded crushed rock or reclaimed asphalt. BSM2 The parent material has a moderately high shear strength and is normally the base layer for moderate traffic loads. Source materials include graded natural gravel of reclaimed asphalt. BSM3 The parent material is soil-gravel and/or sand, stabilized with higher bitumen contents. It is a base layer that can only handle low traffic volumes. It is thought that Australia will have a classification system similar to this. Mix design BSMs behave in a very complex manner, which gives engineers a great flexibility when it comes to designing a mix that will best meet the design conditions. The mix is made up of aggregate, bitumen and sometimes an active filler where required. In design the mix there are two fundamental failure mechanisms that need to be designed for in the mix these are; Permanent Deformation This is dependent on the materials shear properties as it is caused by the accumulation of shear stresses. Resistance to permanent deformation as known as rutting is improved by: Improved aggregate angularity shape, hardness and roughness Increased maximum particle size Improved compaction Reduced moisture content Addition of limited amounts of bitumen Addition of an active filler Moisture Susceptibility this is the damage caused by the exposure of a BSM to high moisture contents and pore-pressures caused by traffic. This then means a loss of adhesion between the bitumen and the aggregate. Due to water been involved in the mixing stage and the partially coated nature of the aggregate makes moisture susceptibility an important consideration in the evaluation of material performance. Moisture resistance is improved by Increased bitumen content Addition of an active filler Improved compaction Smooth continuous grading It is interesting to note here the difference in recommended bitumen content. To help prevent deformation limited amounts of bitumen are recommended. However to improve moister resistance increased bitumen contents are recommend. This means that a compromise must be made, by using the laboratory testing to determine a bitumen content which will meet the demands of the design. Mix type selection As stated in sectionXX the three main factors the influence the type of BSM used are: The design traffic The quality of aggregate available The cost Once the type of BSM has been selected there are three main factors that affect the bitumen and active filler selection for the mix design; Traffic design (volumes and loadings) Climate (particularly moisture considerations) Supporting layers (strength) The influence these factors have is demonstrated in the following figure. As it can be seen heavy traffic loads, a wet climate and weak supporting layers all mean an increased amount of bitumen is required to ensure design requirements are meet. Mix Design Procedure To create the best design mix possible several procedural steps need to be done. This ensures that that every criteria is meet, as there are numerous variables that need to be checked. The first step of the mix design is to test the material which will be treated. This is done to ensure that the material is appropriate for testing. These tests include standard laboratory tests to determine the materials grading curve, moister, density and Atterberg limits. The next tests which are undertaken are the level 1 mix design tests. These provide an indication of the application rate of bitumen and active filler required to achieve an indicated class of BSM. Level 1 starts with the preparation of samples that will be used to manufacture the specimens required for all levels of mix design testings. testing at this level involves preparing 100mm diameter specimens which are compacted and cured for the purpose of undergoing Indirect Tensile Strength testing. These testing results are used to: Indentify the preferred bitumen stabilizing agent Determine the optimum bitumen content Identify if there is a need for an active filler and its type Tests after level 1 are done depending on the design traffic. The first of these are Level 2 mix design tests. The test at this level involves making a sample which is 150mm in diameter and 127mm in length. These are manufactured using vibratory compaction and then cured at the equilibrium moisture content. This sample then undergoes Indirect Tensile Strength to optimize the required bitumen content. The level 3 mix design test is only recommended for high capacity roads. This test involves preparing 150mm diameter by 300mm in length specimens, which allows for a higher level of confidence. It then undergoes the same Indirect Tensile Strength test. Mix Constituents Aggregate A wide range of mineral aggregates are suit for use with both types of bitumen treatment. These include aggregates ranging from sands to weathered gravels to crushed stone and can either be virgin or recycled. These must however fall into certain quality standards to ensure the road will be at it required class. When examining a material its following properties will be checked: Durability characteristics of the untreated aggregate Plasticity Grading Spatial composition Weathering characteristics Aggregate source The aggregate used can come from three different sources, Virgin Aggregate, Recycled Granular Layers and Reclaimed Asphalt Quality of Aggregate In using bitumen to stabilize the material it is possible to use a poorer quality of aggregate. For virgin aggregates four tests are used to identify material limits. Soacked CBR Grading completing a grading will identify any deficiencies in the material Percentage passing through the 0.075mm sieve higher fines contents mean a higher need for bitumen Plasticity Index for bitumen emulsion the materials PI should be less than 7. For foamed bitumen the materials PI should be less than 10. Materials with a high PI can be treated with lime. For recycled granular layers the materials quality will depend on: The structure of the existing pavement Construction variability Depth of recycling Age of the pavement Degree of patching and repair on the existing pavement Thickness and nature of old surfacing seals. Using reclaimed asphalt needs serious consideration as some material may not meet the quality standards required. This is particular important on highly used roads, where traffic loads are going to be large. When deciding whether the quality of the reclaimed asphalt will meet standards, the following needs to be considered. Climatic region if the material is going to be placed in a warm climate, shear tests must be carried out to represent that climate Axle loads high stresses will result in accelerated deformation of the road. This means that if the road is to carry heavy traffic its shear properties will need to be carefully considered Reclaimed Asphalt Composition if needed crusher dust can be added to the mix. This will provide an angular skeleton that will improve the mixes shear resistance. Grading The grading requirements for both types of bitumen stabilisation is different. This is due to the fact that the bitumen will disperse differently. The graph and table below give an indication of the grading required for each type of stabilisation. XXXXXX Bitumen Emulsion As the above table shows a minimum filler content of 2% is required. This is because the bitumen emulsion will coat the large particles of the aggregate better than the foamed bitumen. Foamed bitumen Foamed bitumen requires more filler; approximately 5% filler content is required. This is because the bitumen droplets disperse through the material, only partially coating the large particles. It uses the filler to create a spot welds connecting the larger particles using the fines. Bitumen Selection The bitumen selected plays an important part in how well the BSM works. Penetration grade bitumen is used to produce both bitumen emulsion and foamed bitumen. In the next two sections the specific bitumen requirements for each form of stabilisation is given below. Bitumen Emulsion For bitumen emulsion base bitumens with a penetration value between 80 and 100 are normally selected. In saying this around the world softer and harder grades of bitumen have successfully been used. In recent years there have been many technological advances which have allowed the bitumen emulsion to have improved stability without prolonging the break time. However sufficient testing of the bitumen mix needs to take place both in the mix design phase and during construction trials. This will ensure the correct bitumen has been chosen. Another important consideration is the compatibility of the bitumen emulsion and the aggregate. This is because the type of bitumen chosen is influenced by the type of aggregate been treated. Certain materials are not suitable for catatonic treatment and others are not suitable for anionic treatment. The table below gives an indication of the compatibility of the emulsion with a aggregate. Aggregate Type Compatible with Cationic Emulsion Anionic Emulsion Dolerite Yes Yes Quartzite Yes No Hornfels/Greywacke Yes Yes Dolomite Yes Yes Granite Yes No Tillite Yes Variable Basalt Yes Yes Syenite Yes No Amphilbolite Yes Yes Marble Yes Yes Rhyolite Yes No Felsite Yes No Sandstone Yes No Andesite Yes Yes Furthermore it is normally recommended that the undiluted bitumen emulsion is heated to between 50 and 60Â °C. This will prevent premature breaking of the bitumen emulsion while pumping in the construction equipment. It is also important to note here that when diluting the emulsion the emulsion must be added to the water. This will prevent premature breaking. Foamed Bitumen When it comes to foamed bitumen a softer grade of bitumen can be used without compromising stability. This is because foamed bitumen only requires low percentages of bitumen in the mix. However like bitumen emulsion typical penetration values are between 80 and 100. Harder bitumen is normally avoided due to the poor quality of foam it produces. There are two main properties that determine the suitability of the bitumen for foamed bitumen stabilisation. These are its Expansion Ratio and its Half-Life. The expansion raito is a measure of the viscosity of the foam. This is what determines how well the bitumen will disperse through the mix. It is calculated by finding the ratio between the maximum volume of foam in relationship to the original volume of bitumen. The half-life is a measure of the stability of the foam and provides an indication of the rate of collapse of the foam during mixing. It can be calculated by determining the time it takes for the foam to collapse to half its maximum volume. The table below shows the minum limits of the expansion ratio and the half-life of the bitumen. XXX The greatest factor which will influencing the foam properties is the water injected into the expansion chamber. A greater injection of water will mean a higher expansion ratio, but this is offset by the fact it will mean a short half-life as the foam will subsided faster. Furthermore a higher bitumen temperature is usually recommended as it will create a better quality foam. Active Filler There are two types of fillers which can be used to improve the results of bitumen stabilisation; these are active and natural fillers. An active filler is a filler which will chemically alter the mix properties. There are various active fillers which can be used, examples of these are cement hydrated lime and fly ash. Natural fillers are fillers such as rock flour. These fillers can be used either by themselves or in a combination with another filler. Their use will depend on their cost, efficacy during use and the materials availability. Research has shown that it is almost impossible to predict the effectiveness of a filler. The only way to gain an idea of their effect is to complete experiments using different mixes. Active fillers are added to the bitumen in order to; Increase the stiffness of the mix Increase the rate at which the mix will gain strength Improve the dispersion of bitumen in the mix Improve adhesion between the bitumen and the aggregate Improve the curing time of the compaction mix Along with these general improvements, there are specific benefits for both treatments. For Bitumen Emulsion a filler will: Control the breaking time of the emulsion Improve the workability of the emulsion For Foamed Bitumen a filler will: Assist in dispersing the bitumen droplets Natural fillers on the other hand only act as a supplement for a lack of fines in the material which is needed for dispersion. It is important to note that when adding an active filler the time between the bitumen is mixed and it application is dramatically reduced. When an active filler is added the reaction begings immediately when it comes into contact with moist material. The longer the delay between mixing and application the less the filler will work. Water To ensure a high quality product it is important that the water used in mixing meets certain standards. Each technique requires different water qualities. Bitumen Emulsion For bitumen emulsion the pH levels of the water are extremely important. For cationic bitumen the water cannot be alkaline. If it is hydrochloric acid can be used to decrease the waters pH. For anionic bitumen emulsion the opposite applies, the water cannot be too acidic. To make the water more alkaline lime or caustic soda can be added to the water. Foamed Bitumen The standards for foamed bitumen arent as high as they are for bitumen emulsion. It is acceptable for the water used to contain some impurities, however this should be avoided. This is because the water can affect the mixing machinery. Specimen Preparation Moisture Moisture plays an important part in using bitumen to stabilize material. The role that moisture plays in the two types of BSM is explained in the table below. Component Bitumen Emulsion Foamed Bitumen Bitumen Contributes to fluids for compaction Does not effect Moisture in aggregate Reduces absorption of bitumen emulsion water into aggregate Separates and suspends the fines making them available to bitumen during mixing Prevents premature breaking Acts as a carrier for bitumen droplets during mixing Extends curing time and reduces early strength Reduces early strength Provides workability at ambient temperatures Reduces friction angle and lubricates for compaction Provides shelf-life for the mix The term for the best moisture content in the material is the optimum mixing moisture content or OMMC. It is important to note that for bitumen emulsion this moisture value is the moisture in the aggregate plus the moisture from the emulsion. The introduction of modern rollers has allowed for high energy compaction. In the case of BSM this means a lower fluid content can be used to produce the same quality of compaction. This has the added benefit of increasing the strength of the BSM. Material Preparation Below is the basic procedure for the material preparation involved in the mixing design. Determine the grading curve of the aggregate and its optimum moisture content of the natural material Determine the materials Atterberg Limits Determine the moisture and density relationship of natural material to obtain optimum moisture content Determine the moisture and density relationship of the treated material to obtain optimum moisture content Determine the moisture and density relationship using vibratory hammer compaction to obtain optimum moisture content Mixing It is recommended that a pugmill mixer is used in both mixes. The use of different mixers can produce up to a 25% difference in strength. Experiments have found that the pugmill mixer provides the most comprehensive mix. Compaction Correct compaction of the material is extremely important as it reduces the voids and improves particle contact. The use of bitumen emulsion will help improve the compatibility of the mix, while the use of foamed bitumen will promote the adhesion of the bitumen mastic to the stone. Curing Curing is the process where the water is removed from the compacted layer. Water can be removed from either evaporation, particle charge repulsion and pore-pressure induced flow paths. The reduction in moisture content will lead to an increased tensile and compressive strength as well as add stiffness to the mix. The curing process is different for both methods Bitumen Emulsion It is chemistry that controls the way bitumen emulsion treated material cures. By removing the water from the mix breaking of the emulsion occurs. To do this the water is removed by means of evaporation and migration. This curing will take longer than foamed bitumen curing, due to the higher moisture contents. Foamed Bitumen The curing of the foamed bitumen is a natural process. It is cured through the migration of water during compaction and continues as the water is evaporated. Testing There are two main tests which are used to check the various mix designs, they are the Indirect Tensile Strength test and a Triaxial Test Indirect Tensile Strength This test is completed to measure the flexibility of the material and give an indication of its tensile strength. The table below gives a guide for interpreting the results of the test. Test Specimen Diameter (mm) BSM1 BSM2 BSM3 Purpose ITSdry (kPa) 100 >225 175-225 125-175 Indicates optimum bitumen content ITSwet (kPa) 100 >100 75-100 50-75 Indicates need for active filler ITSequil (kPa) 150 >175 135-175 95-135 Optimise bitumen content ITSsoaked (kPa) 150 >150 100-150 60-100 Check value on ITSwet Triaxial Test This test is completed to meause the cohesion of the material, the friction angle and the retained cohesion. The table below gives a guide for interpreting the results of the test. Test or Indicator BSM1 BSM2 BSM3 Cohesion (kPa) >250 100-250 50-100 Friction Angle (Â °) >40 30-40 Retained cohesion (MIST) >75 60-75 50-60 Structural Design As discussed in Section XX the structural layers purpose is to protect the subgrade by dispersing the traffic loads. This means that the pavement structure and subgrade must work together to ensure the required design capacity. Construction For both stabilizing methods once the material has been mixed into the material, the various construction operations are relavitivily the same as those if the material wasnt treat

Ideology For Motherhood Essay

The following essay is going to discuss why motherhood is difficult to define from an ideology perspective. It will discuss motherhood in general and what surrounds motherhood and why it is difficult to define from an ideology perspective and also explain what ideology means. The essay will also discuss motherhood and how mothers can be mothers other than through a biological way. Also discussed throughout the essay is how surrogacy and adoption leads to someone becoming a mother. The essay will finish with a conclusion and highlight key facts on motherhood and why it is difficult to define the word motherhood. A bibliography will be used to show the different sources used to gain the information in the assignment. Ideology is a way of peoples view and perceptions of the way they see the world, different beliefs and people’s expectations of how we live or the way we should live our life. People believe in their beliefs and that they should follow the way they have been shown. (Wise geek, 2003) Liberal feminism ideology sees motherhood as rights, responsibilities, empowerment, equity, justice and identity. Whereas matenalism sees motherhood as a material well-being to the health and safety of their children. (Tucker.J, 2004) The word mother is a simple word but has many more different definitions. This could be the legal, social or traditional way of looking at a mother. A legal definition of a mother is such that as the legal dictionary 2012 states ‘a woman who has born a child is deemed a mother’. However this cannot always be the case for some women. As some women cannot bear children so one of the alternative solutions for them is to go down the route of adoption, other stages also such as fostering or even surrogacy. The social way of looking at a mother was mainly confined to mother and child and that the mother raised the child alone. Motherhood is a relationship and responsibility of caring and nurturing between a woman and a child. The child does not have to be born into the family for the woman to become a mother. A child could be born biologically between father and mother, adopted, born through surrogacy or even a woman taking her partners children as her own and nurturing the children and showing them the way of life till  they ready to start a family and carry on the roles of responsibilities towards their own children and raise them the way they have been raised. A mother is not only someone who gives birth to a child but someone who raises and nurtures a child into adulthood. This is where surrogacy, fostering and adoptive mothers come into it. As these women are not biological but they are still mothers. Motherhood is defined by Merriam-Webster Dictionary as first â€Å"a female parent,† and secondly as â€Å"maternal tenderness or affection.† Inherent in this definition is the role of a mother as a nurturer. Moms coo to their babies, using soft, sweet voices. They handle their children with gentle mannerisms and softness. In addition, mothers instinctively try to protect their children from pain and suffering. This includes emotional pain as well as physical discomforts. Mothers provide a nurturing environment where their children can feel safe and secure. (www.livestrong.com) Gender ideology round motherhood is that mothers believe that anything they do or want to do is frowned upon from a gender role view, such as if a woman wants to work as a builder. For example: Builders are seen as a male role and that mothers should stay at home and cook, clean and look after the children. A traditional family such as two children and a mother and father, the wage earner was the father who worked full time and the mother stayed at home as a ‘housewife’ to look after the house and children and cook ready for father to come in from work. However if the other chooses to work they are mainly only in part-time employment earning a lot less than what the father does. Now in the 20th century there are more rights for mothers and more help is available for mothers to work and fathers to stay at home and look after the children. A mother’s employment has tripled since 1951 to 2008, and this is continuing to rise because of the number of welfare and benefi ts available for working families. From the 17th and 18th centuries ‘childhood’ was seen as a valuable time in their life and mothers started to breastfeed their children more. However upper class women thought breastfeeding was disgusting and did not feed their babies from the breast. In the nineteenth century ethnic women and white working class women were labelled true and good mothers whereas single mothers were looked upon and  were no better thought off. Middle class women had the freedom and choice to stay at home, women of colour were considered ‘scientifically’ inferior mothers and excluded from the ideologies surrounding good mothering. Motherhood is looked at upon differently in different cultures and beliefs, however most agreeing that mothers have a duty to care for the children by providing the safe and warm upbringing of their children. Mothers not only care for the child they are perceived to take responsibility to look after the household and the rest of the family. ‘ ’Eighteenth century British society insisted upon domesticity as the most appropriate venue for the fulfilments of a woman’s duties† (Francus, 2012) Mothers nowadays makes the decisions on behalf of her children and many organisations, such as doctors and schools consult the mother first before consulting the father. Sometimes the father does not have a say in what happens and can only back the mother up or disagree but sometimes legally they are not involved. Motherhood can be difficult to define as there are many changes happening in short spaces of time. For example; a mother could be a mothering figure to her partner’s children as a step mother, a grandmother could be bringing up her grandchildren for any number of reasons. Adoptive and fostering mothers are also seen as mothers but not in the biological sense, but in the nurturing of children. Surrogacy is a way for a woman to become a mother if they can biologically reproduced children themselves or chooses not to. Another woman carries the embryo that has come from the real father and the woman’s egg and planted into the surrogate mothers womb in order for her to carry the baby until the birth of the child where baby would be handed over to the parents. The question is who is the real mother of the child? If it is a gestational surrogacy where egg from woman and man’s sperm is fertilised into a surrogate mother then the woman whose egg it was would be classed as the biological mother, however must also be aware that the baby can still get the surrogate mothers personality or attitudes ( www.healthyguide.org ) However according to gov.uk it says that the woman who gives birth is treated as the legal mother even if they are not genetically related. In the US surrogacy is legal but in the UK surrogacy is illegal if you pay the surrogate, except for their reasonable expenses. Adoption is a process that allows children to be safely looked after by parents, women who choose to adopt must have a nurturing manner and a natural instinct and create a bond with the child and appreciates that it slowly happens over time. The child must be brought up and cared for like she gave birth the child naturally and guide the child to life expectancy. This role is not for the weak of spirit, or the easily wounded. Loving a child not born to her but calling him her own, but this is what she does, it is her calling. She is a mother. Years ago mothers were looked upon as been at home full time and teaching their children to have manners. Feminism demonstrated that women were restricted in what they did and didn’t have a say as becoming a mother was part of her nature, however she had to obey her husband in the decisions made within the household. According to Rothman (1989) a woman’s womb is her flower pot and that a man plants the seed which then produces the child, they became the fathers property as they came from his seed, even though the woman contributes to the reproduction process, however still they have no say. They were classed a medium contributor to the reproduction process and they carried the children and gave birth to the flower that blossom from the seed planted by the father. In the 20th century mothers have more rights and although some people still feel that fathers should go to work full time and be the breadwinner, now that times have change where the woman’s job was to l ook after the children, they now don’t feel scared or threatened to share the child upbringing with the father. There are a lot more ‘house-husbands at home while the mother goes to work, this gives fathers more involvement and help to nurture the children in life. Some mothers still feel they are selfish though by going to work and leaving the child, most tend to find part time jobs or take a flexible hours position so that they can fit work in around the children and still play a huge part in their children’s life. Unlike before in the early years a woman can plan her life and decide when is the best time to have a child, due to access to different contraception’s women can control if they become pregnant. They are in control of the decision and decide if they have the mother instinct and nurturing ways to raise and care for a child The following essay has discussed what ideology around motherhood is and how people perceive motherhood. It also has explained about motherhood in the olden days and that mothers were to stay at home to care for the children and household  c ompared to now in the 20th century and how times have changed and fathers have a more hands on approach with their children’s upbringing. Discussed within the essay it has explain that mothers are not just mothers through the biological reproduction process that they can be mothers by adoption, surrogacy, or raising children as they there are their own children and nurturing and loving the child the same way as a biological mother would. It also discussed about feminism and how times have changed and that people don’t assume that the mother is a full time mother and are not shocked to find that the father is looking after children and taking a more hands on role. Reference About.com (2013) What is a adoptive mother {online} available at: http://adoption.about.com/cs/wantingtoadopt/a/adoptivemothers.htm Accessed April 2013 Cole,E &Knowies,J. (1990) Motherhood: A feminist perspective. Vol 10:London,The Haworth press Francus, M. (2012). Monstrous motherhood: eighteenth-century culture and the ideology of domesticity. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Gov.uk (2013) Rights for surrogate mothers {online} available at: https://www.gov.uk/rights-for-surrogate-mothers Accessed April 2013 Livestrong.com (2013) Women’s life {online} available at: http://www.livestrong.com/woman/ Accessed April 2013 Llyod,E &Woollett,A (1991) Motherhood:meanings, practices and ideologies.Sage publications, California Suite 101 (1996) Social institution of motherhood {online} available at: http://suite101.com/article/social-institution-of-motherhood-a64879 Accessed April 2013 Social work and society international online journal (2011) Historical Perspective on the I deologies of Motherhood and its Impact on Social Work {online} available at: http://www.socwork.net/sws/article/view/270/445 Accessed April 2013 The free dictionary (2013) Mother, {online} available at: http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/mother Accessed April 2013 Wisegeek (2003) Motherhood,{online} available at: http://s.wisegeek.com/s/?cx=001721306601487571258%3Axvwilsw1lpg&cof=FORID%3A10&ie=ISO-8859-1&q=ideology+on+motherhood&sa= Accessed April 2013

Lies Youve Been Told About Third Person Point of View Essay Samples

Lies You've Been Told About Third Person Point of View Essay Samples Life, Death, and Third Person Point of View Essay Samples One of the most frequent kinds of third-person is third-person limited. Beyond that it becomes confusing. The way the very first person narrator is relating the story will impact the language used, the duration of sentences, the tone of voice and lots of other things. Ernest Hemingway is really the most renowned case of this technique. Each one of us has a different perspective. You have to decide which point of view you'll utilize to inform your story. It's regarded as the most formal, impartial perspective. For our purposes, however, we will divide third-person viewpoint into three categories. The reply is the fact that it doesn't. Alternately, you can opt to take care of viewpoint like the professional you mean to be. Whichever point of view you choose to use, it's important to be certain you keep things in the right perspective. For instance, you might observe that a first-person perspective may be too limiting because it only presents one particular character's feelings. Introducing Third Person Point of View Essay Samples By putting it in third individual, you're able to list sources, and you're encouraged to achieve that. Since you might anticipate, authors have stretched this concept in a wide range of creative directions previously. When writing in third individual, you've got to be everybody! First person is a kind of writing where the writer says things from their very own personal experience. Keep in mind that unless the essay calls for you to write about yourself, or to directly deal with the reader, stay centered on the topic of the essay and you'll be well on your way to a fantastic bit of writing! It is also helpful to show the goal of your essay. Essays aren't the only types of writing assignments you're very likely for. How can you compose a very good argumentative essay. Generally, however, first-person writing isn't very helpful in writing essays. Always make certain you revise your essay as a way to knock out the demand for use of pronouns in sentences thus developing a formal fashion of writing that is more appropriate. Utilizing third-person writing can produce a huge difference in giving your essay the proper tone. It is not easy to be relatable once you are writing in third individual. A rare kind of first person is the very first person omniscient, where the narrator is a character in the story, but in addition knows the ideas and feelings of all of the other characters. Notice, however, that I said can earn a novel claustrophobic And it is just the very same thing with a novel. A sensible explanation fitting the inner workings of the story's world is normally provided or inferred, unless its glaring absence is an important plot point. When POVs are typical in a genre, it has a tendency to be for a very good reason. Among the biggest is you could only achieve intimacy between the reader and the most important character in a very first person point of view novel. Have her cover this up or attempt to hide it in some manner. So that the detective's sidekick may be the viewpoint character in a number of the chapters, although the detective stays the novel's protagonist. So in a boy-meets-girl novel, as an example, you could Don't be concerned about multiple viewpoint novels at the moment. Both are utilised to provide the writer's individual perspective. A writer employs a specific point of view to tell a particular type of story.